國家發展改革委、國家能源局近日聯合印發《關于建立煤電容量電價機制的通知》，決定將現行煤電單一制電價調整為兩部制電價。為何要建立煤電容量電價機制？對于終端用戶用電成本有何影響……一起來看本期快問快答→

問(wen)：建立(li)煤電容量電價機制(zhi)、對(dui)煤電實行兩部制(zhi)電價政策有何意義？

答：隨(sui)著國內(nei)新能源快速發(fa)展，推動煤電(dian)這(zhe)一(yi)我(wo)國最重(zhong)要(yao)、成本較低的(de)支(zhi)撐調節電(dian)源加快向提供容量(liang)支(zhi)撐保障和電(dian)量(liang)并重(zhong)轉型，平常時段為(wei)新能源發(fa)電(dian)讓出空間(jian)、高峰時段繼續頂峰出力(li)，對促進新能源發(fa)展具有重(zhong)要(yao)意義。

專家介(jie)紹，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)經(jing)營成(cheng)(cheng)本包括折舊(jiu)費(fei)(fei)、人工費(fei)(fei)、修理(li)(li)費(fei)(fei)、財務費(fei)(fei)等(deng)固定成(cheng)(cheng)本和燃煤(mei)(mei)等(deng)變動(dong)(dong)成(cheng)(cheng)本。目前，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場成(cheng)(cheng)熟國(guo)家通常實(shi)行兩(liang)部制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)，即容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)主要(yao)回(hui)收(shou)(shou)機組固定成(cheng)(cheng)本、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)主要(yao)回(hui)收(shou)(shou)變動(dong)(dong)成(cheng)(cheng)本。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)通過市(shi)場化(hua)方式形成(cheng)(cheng)，靈敏反映電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場供需、燃料成(cheng)(cheng)本變化(hua)等(deng)情(qing)況；容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)水平(ping)根據轉型(xing)進度(du)等(deng)實(shi)際情(qing)況合理(li)(li)確(que)定并逐步調(diao)整，充分體現煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)的(de)(de)支撐(cheng)調(diao)節價(jia)值。因而，建立煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)是保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)安全運行、更好(hao)促進能源綠色低碳轉型(xing)的(de)(de)必然要(yao)求。

問：兩部制電價政策，對煤電企業有何影響？

答：在現行單(dan)(dan)一(yi)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)體系下，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業只有發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)才能(neng)回(hui)收成(cheng)本并獲(huo)得(de)回(hui)報。隨著煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉變經(jing)營模式，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組越來越多時(shi)間“備而(er)不用”，通過單(dan)(dan)一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)難(nan)以完(wan)全回(hui)收成(cheng)本，近年來出現行業預期(qi)不穩等現象。煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制的建立(li)，破解了這(zhe)一(yi)行業難(nan)題。

“此次建立(li)容量電價機制采取了明確(que)預期、逐步提高(gao)的(de)方式，既釋放清晰明確(que)的(de)信號，穩定煤電行(xing)業預期、讓企(qi)業吃(chi)下‘定心(xin)丸’，又(you)有利(li)于凝聚各方共識，確(que)保機制平穩實(shi)施。”國家發(fa)展改革委相關負責人表示。

具體來看(kan)，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機制明確了容(rong)(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)水平(ping)，價(jia)(jia)格按照回(hui)(hui)收煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組一定(ding)比(bi)(bi)例(li)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)成本方式確定(ding)。其中(zhong)，用于計算容(rong)(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組固(gu)(gu)定(ding)成本實行全國(guo)統一標準(zhun)，為(wei)(wei)每(mei)年(nian)每(mei)千瓦330元。綜合考慮各(ge)地(di)(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統需要、煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)能轉(zhuan)型情況(kuang)等(deng)因素，2024年(nian)至2025年(nian)，多數地(di)(di)(di)方通過容(rong)(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)回(hui)(hui)收固(gu)(gu)定(ding)成本比(bi)(bi)例(li)為(wei)(wei)30％左右，部(bu)分(fen)(fen)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)能轉(zhuan)型較快的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)方適(shi)當高一些；2026年(nian)起，各(ge)地(di)(di)(di)通過容(rong)(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)回(hui)(hui)收固(gu)(gu)定(ding)成本比(bi)(bi)例(li)提升(sheng)至不低于50％。此(ci)外，各(ge)地(di)(di)(di)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費納(na)入系統運行費用，每(mei)月由工商業用戶按當月用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量比(bi)(bi)例(li)分(fen)(fen)攤。

問：對于終端用(yong)電成本究竟有何(he)影響(xiang)？

答：國家發展改革委相關負責人表示，建立煤電容(rong)量電價機制對(dui)于(yu)終(zhong)端用戶用電成本的(de)影響，無論是(shi)從(cong)短(duan)期(qi)還是(shi)從(cong)長期(qi)看，都是(shi)積極正(zheng)面的(de)。

短(duan)期看，對(dui)終(zhong)端用戶用電(dian)(dian)(dian)成本的(de)影響總(zong)體(ti)較小。由(you)于建立煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)制主要是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)結構(gou)的(de)調整(zheng)，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)總(zong)體(ti)價(jia)格水平基本穩(wen)定(ding)，特(te)別是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)小幅下降，將帶動水電(dian)(dian)(dian)、核電(dian)(dian)(dian)、新能源等其(qi)他電(dian)(dian)(dian)源參與(yu)市場交易(yi)部分(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)隨之(zhi)下行，工商業(ye)用戶終(zhong)端用電(dian)(dian)(dian)成本總(zong)體(ti)有(you)望(wang)穩(wen)中略降。

長期看，建(jian)立煤電(dian)(dian)容量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制，首次實現對煤電(dian)(dian)這(zhe)一主力(li)電(dian)(dian)源品種電(dian)(dian)能(neng)量價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)和容量價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)區分，可有力(li)推動構建(jian)多層次電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)體系(xi)，引導煤電(dian)(dian)、新能(neng)源等市場(chang)參與(yu)者各展(zhan)所長、各盡(jin)所能(neng)、充分競爭，全面優化電(dian)(dian)力(li)資源配置，提升(sheng)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)經濟性(xing)，從而降低終端用戶用電(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本。

此外，此次出臺(tai)的新(xin)政策(ce)不涉(she)及居(ju)民和農業用戶，仍(reng)執(zhi)行(xing)現(xian)行(xing)目錄(lu)銷售電價。

國(guo)(guo)家能源(yuan)集團技(ji)術經濟(ji)研究院副主(zhu)任柴瑋表(biao)示，可(ke)以預見，隨著我(wo)國(guo)(guo)電力市場建(jian)(jian)設(she)的持續(xu)深入(ru)，價格機(ji)制改革(ge)的作用將(jiang)愈發(fa)凸顯，帶動我(wo)國(guo)(guo)電力市場建(jian)(jian)設(she)更(geng)加市場化(hua)、更(geng)加規(gui)范化(hua)、更(geng)加科(ke)學(xue)化(hua)