煤電容量電價機制的實施，有利于(yu)推動煤電(dian)行業健康持續發展，維護電(dian)力系統安全可靠供應(ying)，促(cu)進能(neng)源綠色低碳轉型，助力“雙碳”目標實現。

政(zheng)策考量有(you)新意

縱觀(guan)此次出臺(tai)的(de)煤電容量電價機制(zhi)，可以(yi)發現有五大政策目的(de)。

一(yi)是(shi)理順(shun)成本。

——明確容量成本回收機制。煤電企業經營成本主要包括折舊費、人工費、修理費、財務費等固定成本和燃煤等變動成本兩大部分，其中，固定成本約占煤電總成本的30%。自2021年《上網電價通知》發布后，煤電機組全部參與現貨市場交易，實行單一制電量電價，煤電企業固定成本回收完全依賴于發電量和電量電價，只有發電才能回收成本。但近年來，隨著風電、光伏發電快速發展，煤電利用小時數不斷降低，僅靠電能量市場難以回收固定投資成本。煤電容量電價機制的建立，是將現行單一制電量電價調整為“電量電價+容量電價”的兩部制電價，其中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)通過市場化(hua)方式形成(cheng)，靈敏反映電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場供需、燃料成(cheng)本變化(hua)等情(qing)況；容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)則是為(wei)保障用(yong)(yong)戶側用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充裕度（與用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)靠(kao)性密切相關）而(er)向提供有效容量(liang)的(de)(de)主體(ti)支(zhi)付的(de)(de)費用(yong)(yong)，專(zhuan)門為(wei)回收煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組固定成(cheng)本而(er)設，體(ti)現了煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)靠(kao)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)的(de)(de)價(jia)值。

——明(ming)確容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)成本(ben)分(fen)攤(tan)(tan)(tan)機(ji)制。煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價單獨設(she)立后，如何疏(shu)導(dao)(dao)(dao)和(he)分(fen)攤(tan)(tan)(tan)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)成為(wei)各利(li)益主體(ti)博弈(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)焦點。如果(guo)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)僅(jin)在(zai)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)側內部(bu)分(fen)攤(tan)(tan)(tan)，由(you)(you)新(xin)能源或者(zhe)其他類型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源承擔容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)，那么(me)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)攤(tan)(tan)(tan)就變成了發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)側不(bu)同主體(ti)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“零(ling)和(he)博弈(yi)”，不(bu)符(fu)合“誰受(shou)(shou)益、誰付費(fei)(fei)”權(quan)利(li)義務對等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則(ze)。因為(wei)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最終目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是保障系(xi)統有(you)效容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)裕(yu)性，在(zai)推動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源結構調整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時維護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統安全穩定運行(xing)，從長遠(yuan)看，其最終受(shou)(shou)益者(zhe)是用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)。而(er)新(xin)能源或者(zhe)其他類型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源并(bing)不(bu)是直(zhi)接受(shou)(shou)益主體(ti)，由(you)(you)它(ta)們分(fen)攤(tan)(tan)(tan)不(bu)符(fu)合權(quan)責對等原(yuan)則(ze)，還導(dao)(dao)(dao)致發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業失去(qu)有(you)效激勵(li)(li)，降低政策實(shi)施效果(guo)。只有(you)將容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)有(you)效地(di)傳導(dao)(dao)(dao)至用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側，才能起到容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)激勵(li)(li)作用(yong)(yong)。為(wei)此，《容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價通知》明(ming)確提出，在(zai)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價實(shi)施后，容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)將納(na)入系(xi)統運行(xing)費(fei)(fei)中(zhong)，并(bing)由(you)(you)工商(shang)業用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)按當(dang)月(yue)(yue)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)比例(li)進行(xing)分(fen)攤(tan)(tan)(tan)，由(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網企(qi)業根據當(dang)地(di)代理購(gou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價進行(xing)每(mei)月(yue)(yue)發布(bu)和(he)滾動(dong)清算。

信息來源：國(guo)家發展改革委 國(guo)家能源局《關于建立煤電(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)價機制的(de)通知》

二是穩定預期。

近(jin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)來，綠色發(fa)展成為(wei)經濟社會發(fa)展的(de)(de)主(zhu)基(ji)調，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)炭轉型步伐加快，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能替代力(li)度(du)持續加大，新能源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)增(zeng)長迅(xun)猛。國家能源(yuan)局發(fa)布的(de)(de)數據顯(xian)示，截至2023年(nian)(nian)(nian)9月，我國非化石能源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)超(chao)(chao)過(guo)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)總(zong)裝機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)一半，達到(dao)51.6%。新能源(yuan)快速發(fa)展趨勢下(xia)，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)份額相對減少，逐步從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)向基(ji)礎保障性(xing)和系統(tong)調節性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)轉變，年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)小(xiao)(xiao)時數顯(xian)著下(xia)降(jiang)，由(you)2015年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)5000小(xiao)(xiao)時以上(shang)降(jiang)低到(dao)2022年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)4300小(xiao)(xiao)時。此外，近(jin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)來，受煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)炭價(jia)格高企(qi)等多重因素(su)影響，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)大面積(ji)(ji)虧(kui)(kui)損(sun)(sun)(sun)。2021年(nian)(nian)(nian)國內主(zhu)要發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)集團(tuan)虧(kui)(kui)損(sun)(sun)(sun)1203億(yi)元(yuan)，虧(kui)(kui)損(sun)(sun)(sun)面高達80.1%；近(jin)兩(liang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)雖(sui)有(you)所改(gai)善，但(dan)2023年(nian)(nian)(nian)上(shang)半年(nian)(nian)(nian)仍虧(kui)(kui)損(sun)(sun)(sun)超(chao)(chao)過(guo)100億(yi)元(yuan)，虧(kui)(kui)損(sun)(sun)(sun)面達50.6%，41.1%的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠負債率超(chao)(chao)75%。降(jiang)碳退煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)約束、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)小(xiao)(xiao)時數下(xia)降(jiang)以及虧(kui)(kui)損(sun)(sun)(sun)的(de)(de)現實壓力(li)，嚴重打擊了煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)積(ji)(ji)極性(xing)。煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)的(de)(de)建(jian)立(li)，改(gai)變了煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目(mu)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)成本(ben)的(de)(de)回收(shou)模(mo)式(shi)，能夠在一定(ding)程度(du)上(shang)緩解煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)生產經營壓力(li)。按(an)照(zhao)《容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)通知(zhi)》規定(ding)的(de)(de)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)補償標準，對于存量(liang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組而言，按(an)照(zhao)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)價(jia)維持2023年(nian)(nian)(nian)價(jia)格水(shui)平測算(suan)，2024年(nian)(nian)(nian)全國燃煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費規模(mo)約在千億(yi)元(yuan)左右。實行容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)后，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)可回收(shou)部分之前因限價(jia)原因無法回收(shou)的(de)(de)固定(ding)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)成本(ben)，改(gai)善經營狀況，行業(ye)整體效益(yi)(yi)可基(ji)本(ben)恢復至正常年(nian)(nian)(nian)份的(de)(de)平均水(shui)平。長期看(kan)，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)為(wei)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)提供了相對穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)收(shou)益(yi)(yi)預期，有(you)利于恢復煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)信心，提升煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組新增(zeng)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)積(ji)(ji)極性(xing)。

三(san)是提升調節能力。

新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)具有間(jian)歇性(xing)(xing)、波動性(xing)(xing)特點，大規(gui)模高比例并網(wang)后，將會加(jia)(jia)劇(ju)電(dian)力(li)系(xi)統安全(quan)穩(wen)定(ding)運行的(de)(de)(de)風險，導致電(dian)力(li)系(xi)統對調頻、調峰等調節(jie)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)需求大大增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)。此(ci)外(wai)，隨(sui)著(zhu)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)裝機占比不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)提(ti)升，新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)小發(fa)期間(jian)電(dian)力(li)供應(ying)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)、大發(fa)期間(jian)消納受限等問題可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)交替出現(xian)(xian)，極端天氣(qi)(qi)下電(dian)力(li)可(ke)(ke)靠供應(ying)難(nan)度(du)將進一步(bu)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)。因此(ci)，需要(yao)其他電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)提(ti)供系(xi)統發(fa)電(dian)充裕性(xing)(xing)和足(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)調節(jie)能(neng)(neng)力(li)。在我國現(xian)(xian)階段主要(yao)靈(ling)活性(xing)(xing)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中，抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)、燃氣(qi)(qi)發(fa)電(dian)受制于資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)稟賦(fu)，發(fa)展規(gui)模均相對有限；儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)技術受制于經濟(ji)性(xing)(xing)、安全(quan)性(xing)(xing)，商業化應(ying)用有待進一步(bu)開發(fa)。在當前的(de)(de)(de)技術條件和裝機結構下，煤電(dian)是最(zui)為經濟(ji)可(ke)(ke)行、安全(quan)可(ke)(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)靈(ling)活調節(jie)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，對現(xian)(xian)存(cun)煤電(dian)機組進行靈(ling)活性(xing)(xing)改造是最(zui)現(xian)(xian)實有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)方案。

我國(guo)早在2016年就(jiu)啟動(dong)了(le)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)靈活性(xing)(xing)(xing)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)試點工作，并制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)了(le)明確的(de)靈活性(xing)(xing)(xing)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)目標。電(dian)力(li)(li)規劃設(she)計總院發(fa)布的(de)《中國(guo)電(dian)力(li)(li)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)報告2023》顯示，“十四五”前兩年，全國(guo)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)“三改(gai)聯(lian)動(dong)”改(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)規模合(he)計超過4.85億(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)，其中靈活性(xing)(xing)(xing)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)1.88億(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)。目前來看，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)靈活性(xing)(xing)(xing)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)實際進展(zhan)(zhan)遠遠滯后于新(xin)能(neng)源發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)增速。影(ying)響進度的(de)一個重要(yao)原因(yin)是成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)巨大，激勵機制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)資(zi)金投(tou)入不(bu)足，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)企業(ye)缺(que)乏積極性(xing)(xing)(xing)。據(ju)中電(dian)聯(lian)統計，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)靈活性(xing)(xing)(xing)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)單位千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)調峰容量(liang)(liang)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)約在500～1500元(yuan)，再加上(shang)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)后的(de)運維(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)、煤(mei)(mei)耗成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)、頻(pin)繁啟停成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)不(bu)斷增加，如果沒有(you)合(he)理的(de)補償和(he)激勵機制(zhi)(zhi)，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)企業(ye)的(de)積極性(xing)(xing)(xing)難以激發(fa)。因(yin)此(ci)，建立煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)價機制(zhi)(zhi)，依托容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)價保障煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)企業(ye)回收一定(ding)比例的(de)固定(ding)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)，有(you)助于其“輕裝上(shang)陣”，投(tou)入更多的(de)資(zi)金進行必(bi)要(yao)的(de)靈活性(xing)(xing)(xing)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)，提升(sheng)系(xi)統容量(liang)(liang)支(zhi)撐和(he)調節能(neng)力(li)(li)，更好地保障電(dian)力(li)(li)安全穩定(ding)供應。

四(si)是促進轉型。

——促進新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消納(na)。推動能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)低(di)碳轉型、建設(she)新(xin)(xin)型電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統不僅需要大力(li)發(fa)展、建設(she)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，還要高比(bi)(bi)例消納(na)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)。國(guo)家能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)局發(fa)布(bu)的(de)最(zui)新(xin)(xin)數據顯示，截(jie)至10月底，全國(guo)累計太陽能(neng)(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)容(rong)量(liang)約(yue)5.4億千瓦，同(tong)(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)47.0%；風電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)容(rong)量(liang)約(yue)4.0億千瓦，同(tong)(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)15.6%。由于新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)比(bi)(bi)例過高的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統出力(li)特性(xing)無(wu)法與用戶側負(fu)荷曲線相匹(pi)配，必須搭配足夠(gou)多(duo)的(de)靈活調節(jie)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)的(de)建立，可以推動煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)靈活性(xing)改造(zao)，發(fa)揮靈活調節(jie)潛力(li)，解決當前我國(guo)風電(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)快(kuai)速增(zeng)長(chang)帶來的(de)消納(na)難題(ti)，保障新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)快(kuai)速發(fa)展。

——促進煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)功能(neng)(neng)轉型(xing)。長期以來(lai)，我國煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)以不足(zu)50%的(de)裝機(ji)占比，提供了60%的(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)，支撐(cheng)超70%的(de)電(dian)(dian)網高峰負(fu)荷，是我國主要(yao)(yao)和基礎保障(zhang)性電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。隨著新型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統建設不斷推進，新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)逐漸替代煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)成為(wei)主要(yao)(yao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)供應方，未(wei)來(lai)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)在降(jiang)碳減碳的(de)過程中平均(jun)發電(dian)(dian)利(li)用(yong)小時數將會(hui)持續(xu)降(jiang)低，功能(neng)(neng)角色將從主要(yao)(yao)的(de)發電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)向調節性電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)過渡。煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價的(de)建立，直接改變煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)企業的(de)盈利(li)模式(shi)，消除經營(ying)及(ji)投資顧(gu)慮(lv)，為(wei)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)功能(neng)(neng)轉型(xing)“保駕護航”。

——合(he)理(li)把握煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)節奏(zou)。考(kao)慮(lv)(lv)到(dao)我(wo)國不同(tong)區域(yu)資(zi)源稟賦、經(jing)濟發展(zhan)水平和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源結構存在較大(da)差異，各地煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)業的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)路(lu)徑(jing)也(ye)不盡相(xiang)同(tong)。再(zai)加(jia)上煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組體量大(da)，改(gai)造(zao)和(he)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)任務(wu)艱巨，需要統(tong)籌(chou)考(kao)慮(lv)(lv)各地煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)在轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)過(guo)程中的成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本擱淺問題，合(he)理(li)把握煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)節奏(zou)。所以，《容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)通(tong)知》才提出，因地制(zhi)宜制(zhi)定(ding)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)。功能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)較快、年(nian)利用(yong)小時數較低的省份，回收(shou)固(gu)定(ding)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本比例(li)高；轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)相(xiang)對較緩的省份，回收(shou)固(gu)定(ding)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本比例(li)低。

五是(shi)健全市(shi)場。

根據提供的(de)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)類(lei)型，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)商品(pin)一般包含電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、調節(jie)、平衡、容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)四個維度的(de)價(jia)值，其中(zhong)(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、調節(jie)價(jia)值可(ke)以通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)來(lai)體(ti)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，平衡價(jia)值由輔助服(fu)務(wu)(wu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)來(lai)體(ti)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，有效(xiao)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)價(jia)值需(xu)(xu)要(yao)通(tong)過容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)成本(ben)(ben)回(hui)收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制來(lai)體(ti)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。從國際(ji)經(jing)驗看，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)是競爭性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)批(pi)發(fa)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)組(zu)成部分，基于邊際(ji)成本(ben)(ben)定(ding)價(jia)理論的(de)基本(ben)(ben)定(ding)價(jia)模(mo)式雖(sui)然(ran)能(neng)夠(gou)真實反映(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)商品(pin)在(zai)時間和空(kong)間上的(de)成本(ben)(ben)及供需(xu)(xu)變化，實現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)資源(yuan)的(de)高效(xiao)優化配置，但往(wang)往(wang)導(dao)致決定(ding)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)出(chu)清(qing)價(jia)格的(de)邊際(ji)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)的(de)固(gu)定(ding)成本(ben)(ben)無法得到合理補償，而非邊際(ji)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)的(de)固(gu)定(ding)成本(ben)(ben)回(hui)收(shou)程(cheng)度也存在(zai)較大(da)(da)的(de)不確定(ding)性(xing)(xing)，給(gei)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業回(hui)收(shou)全部固(gu)定(ding)投資帶來(lai)巨大(da)(da)挑戰。基于此(ci)，大(da)(da)多(duo)數(shu)國家和地(di)區(qu)在(zai)建立(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)都會(hui)設計相應的(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)成本(ben)(ben)回(hui)收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制。目前，主流(liu)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制主要(yao)有稀缺定(ding)價(jia)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制、容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制、容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)補償機(ji)(ji)(ji)制、戰略備(bei)用機(ji)(ji)(ji)制等。容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制的(de)選(xuan)擇與各國國情(qing)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)發(fa)展程(cheng)度、市(shi)(shi)場(chang)模(mo)式等密切相關，需(xu)(xu)要(yao)因地(di)制宜地(di)設計和選(xuan)擇發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)成本(ben)(ben)回(hui)收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制。

圖片

2017年以(yi)來，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)開展電(dian)(dian)力現貨(huo)市場建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)試點。2023年10月，國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)發(fa)展改革委(wei)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)能源(yuan)局印(yin)發(fa)《關于進(jin)一步加快(kuai)電(dian)(dian)力現貨(huo)市場建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工作的(de)通知》，對各地現貨(huo)市場建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)進(jin)度(du)做(zuo)出(chu)了明(ming)確的(de)時(shi)間要求，并在全國(guo)(guo)(guo)范圍(wei)內加快(kuai)推(tui)進(jin)現貨(huo)市場建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)。2021年，國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)能源(yuan)局印(yin)發(fa)《電(dian)(dian)力輔助服務管理辦法(fa)》，電(dian)(dian)力平衡價值也能得到體現。但容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)成本回(hui)收機(ji)制只在部(bu)分省份進(jin)行了探索，沒有在全國(guo)(guo)(guo)大范圍(wei)推(tui)進(jin)。所以(yi)，煤電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)價格(ge)的(de)出(chu)臺，建(jian)(jian)立了覆蓋我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)主要有效容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)來源(yuan)的(de)成本回(hui)收機(ji)制，彌補了電(dian)(dian)力市場體系中容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)機(ji)制設(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)空白，為電(dian)(dian)力現貨(huo)市場打上了重要“補丁”，滿(man)足(zu)了我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)健全多層次電(dian)(dian)力市場體系的(de)需要。

后(hou)續(xu)發展蘊新意(yi)

煤電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)(ji)制將推動發(fa)電(dian)(dian)側統一容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)(ji)制出臺。此次出臺的(de)(de)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)僅針對煤電(dian)(dian)，暫不涉及(ji)其他類(lei)型發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)。雖(sui)然之前抽水蓄(xu)能和部分燃氣發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)已納(na)入(ru)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)管理體系，但其他類(lei)型的(de)(de)儲能和一些能夠提供頂(ding)峰(feng)容(rong)量的(de)(de)燃氣機(ji)(ji)組(zu)并未(wei)(wei)納(na)入(ru)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)的(de)(de)范疇，所以，目(mu)前尚(shang)未(wei)(wei)建立(li)面向所有可提供有效容(rong)量的(de)(de)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)體系。

考慮到煤(mei)電容(rong)量(liang)電價的(de)基準性，煤(mei)電容(rong)量(liang)電價機制的(de)出(chu)臺將(jiang)會(hui)推動發電側統(tong)一容(rong)量(liang)電價機制出(chu)臺。

煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)改變了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)結構。煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)出臺，將之前單一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)結構進(jin)行了拆分，改為“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)+容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)”；雖然明確(que)規定(ding)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)向(xiang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶側疏(shu)導(dao)和分攤，但不(bu)一(yi)定(ding)會推(tui)高(gao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)本和價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)。首先(xian)，給予煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)補償后(hou)，長期市場價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)中固定(ding)成(cheng)(cheng)本回收的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能量(liang)(liang)將更多(duo)反映燃料成(cheng)(cheng)本，從而減少(shao)策略性報價(jia)(jia)(jia)，可(ke)能導(dao)致(zhi)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)下降。二(er)是煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)是其他各(ge)類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)基準，其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)下降可(ke)能帶(dai)動其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)下降。雖然終端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)總水平的(de)(de)(de)漲跌存(cun)在(zai)不(bu)確(que)定(ding)性，但考慮到(dao)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)疏(shu)導(dao)和分攤只涉及到(dao)工商業用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶，不(bu)涉及居(ju)民(min)(min)和農業用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶，這些(xie)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)仍(reng)執行現行目錄銷售(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)政策，可(ke)能導(dao)致(zhi)工商業與居(ju)民(min)(min)之間電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)差距越來越大，交(jiao)叉補貼越來越多(duo)。

煤電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)為容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)建設奠(dian)定了基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)。在主流(liu)發電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)成本回收機制(zhi)中，容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)是最(zui)具(ju)有市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)特征的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)。它以競爭方(fang)(fang)式(shi)形成容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)價(jia)(jia)格，并成為競爭性(xing)電(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)重要(yao)組(zu)(zu)成部分(fen)。然(ran)而，容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)設計較為復(fu)雜，特別是對于容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)需求的(de)(de)準(zhun)確預(yu)測要(yao)求較高(gao)。相比之(zhi)下，容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)補償(chang)機制(zhi)是對發電(dian)企業的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)投資進行直(zhi)接(jie)補償(chang)，通過設定相對穩定的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)，為容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)投資主體提供穩定預(yu)期，降低(di)建設難度和風險，易于實(shi)施。我國(guo)出臺的(de)(de)煤電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)屬于容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)補償(chang)機制(zhi)，通過行政方(fang)(fang)式(shi)確定，雖然(ran)能夠保障容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)價(jia)(jia)格的(de)(de)長期穩定，但也存在市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化程(cheng)度不(bu)高(gao)的(de)(de)問題，因此(ci)被視(shi)為一項(xiang)過渡(du)性(xing)機制(zhi)。隨(sui)著我國(guo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化程(cheng)度的(de)(de)不(bu)斷提高(gao)，各類型機組(zu)(zu)相繼入市(shi)(shi)(shi)，容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)機制(zhi)也將覆蓋各類型機組(zu)(zu)。不(bu)同類型機組(zu)(zu)按照“同質同價(jia)(jia)”的(de)(de)原則(ze)公(gong)平(ping)競爭，使得容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)價(jia)(jia)值更(geng)加符合(he)系(xi)統需要(yao)，為后(hou)續競爭性(xing)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)開設奠(dian)定堅實(shi)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)。