國家發展改革委、國家能源局近日聯合印發《關于建立煤電容量電價機制的通知》，決定將現行煤電單一制電價調整為兩部制電價。為何要建立煤電容量電價機制？對于終端用戶用電成本有何影響……一起來看本期快問快答→

問：建立煤(mei)電容量(liang)電價機制、對(dui)煤(mei)電實行兩部(bu)制電價政策有何意義(yi)？

答：隨(sui)著國內(nei)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)快速(su)發(fa)展，推動煤電這(zhe)一我國最重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)、成本較低的支(zhi)撐調節電源(yuan)加快向(xiang)提供容(rong)量(liang)支(zhi)撐保障和電量(liang)并重(zhong)(zhong)轉型，平常時段(duan)為(wei)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電讓出(chu)空間、高(gao)峰時段(duan)繼(ji)續頂(ding)峰出(chu)力，對促(cu)進新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)展具有重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)意義。

專(zhuan)家介(jie)紹，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)經營成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)包(bao)括折(zhe)舊費(fei)(fei)、人工費(fei)(fei)、修理費(fei)(fei)、財務費(fei)(fei)等固(gu)定成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)和燃(ran)煤等變(bian)動(dong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)。目前，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟國(guo)家通常實(shi)行(xing)兩部制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)，即容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)主要(yao)回收(shou)機組(zu)固(gu)定成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)主要(yao)回收(shou)變(bian)動(dong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)通過市場(chang)化(hua)方式形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，靈敏反(fan)映電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)供需、燃(ran)料(liao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)變(bian)化(hua)等情況；容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)水平根據轉型進度等實(shi)際情況合理確定并逐步調整，充(chong)分體現煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)的支撐調節價(jia)值。因而，建(jian)立煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)是保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)安全運行(xing)、更好促進能源綠色低碳轉型的必(bi)然要(yao)求。

問：兩部制電價政策，對煤電企業有何影響？

答：在現行單(dan)一(yi)制(zhi)電價(jia)體系下，煤(mei)電企業(ye)只有(you)發電才能回收(shou)成(cheng)本(ben)并獲(huo)得回報。隨著(zhu)煤(mei)電轉(zhuan)變經(jing)營模式，煤(mei)電機組越來(lai)越多時間(jian)“備而不用”，通過(guo)單(dan)一(yi)電量電價(jia)難以(yi)完全回收(shou)成(cheng)本(ben)，近年來(lai)出現行業(ye)預期不穩等現象。煤(mei)電容量電價(jia)機制(zhi)的建立，破解了這一(yi)行業(ye)難題。

“此次建立(li)容量電價機(ji)制采取了明(ming)確(que)(que)預期、逐步(bu)提(ti)高的方(fang)式，既釋放清晰明(ming)確(que)(que)的信(xin)號，穩(wen)定煤電行業(ye)(ye)預期、讓企(qi)業(ye)(ye)吃下‘定心丸(wan)’，又有利于凝聚各(ge)方(fang)共識，確(que)(que)保機(ji)制平穩(wen)實施。”國家發展(zhan)改革委相關(guan)負責(ze)人表示。

具(ju)體來看，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制明確了容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)水平，價(jia)格按(an)照回收煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)機組一(yi)定(ding)比例固(gu)定(ding)成本方式(shi)確定(ding)。其中(zhong)，用(yong)(yong)于計算容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)的煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)機組固(gu)定(ding)成本實行全(quan)國統一(yi)標準，為(wei)每(mei)年(nian)每(mei)千瓦(wa)330元。綜(zong)合考慮各地電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統需要、煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)功能(neng)(neng)轉型情況等因素，2024年(nian)至2025年(nian)，多數地方通過容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)回收固(gu)定(ding)成本比例為(wei)30％左右，部分(fen)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)功能(neng)(neng)轉型較快的地方適當(dang)高一(yi)些；2026年(nian)起，各地通過容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)回收固(gu)定(ding)成本比例提(ti)升至不低于50％。此外，各地煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)費納(na)入系(xi)統運行費用(yong)(yong)，每(mei)月由工(gong)商(shang)業用(yong)(yong)戶按(an)當(dang)月用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)比例分(fen)攤。

問：對于終端用電成(cheng)本究竟(jing)有何影(ying)響(xiang)？

答：國家(jia)發展改革(ge)委(wei)相關負責人表示，建立(li)煤電(dian)容量電(dian)價機制對于終端(duan)用(yong)戶用(yong)電(dian)成本的影響，無論是從短期(qi)還是從長期(qi)看，都是積極正面(mian)的。

短期看，對終(zhong)端(duan)用(yong)戶用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成本的影響總(zong)體較(jiao)小。由于建立煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價機制主(zhu)要是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價結構的調整，煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)總(zong)體價格(ge)水平基本穩定，特別(bie)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價小幅下降(jiang)，將帶(dai)動(dong)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、新能源(yuan)等其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)參與市場交易部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價隨(sui)之下行，工商業用(yong)戶終(zhong)端(duan)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成本總(zong)體有望(wang)穩中(zhong)略降(jiang)。

長(chang)期看，建(jian)(jian)立煤(mei)電(dian)容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)價機制，首次(ci)實現對煤(mei)電(dian)這一主力(li)(li)電(dian)源品種(zhong)電(dian)能(neng)量(liang)價值和容(rong)量(liang)價值的區分，可有力(li)(li)推動構建(jian)(jian)多層次(ci)電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)場體系(xi)，引導煤(mei)電(dian)、新能(neng)源等市(shi)場參(can)與者各(ge)展所(suo)長(chang)、各(ge)盡所(suo)能(neng)、充分競(jing)爭，全(quan)面優化電(dian)力(li)(li)資源配置，提(ti)升(sheng)電(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統的經濟性，從(cong)而降低終端用戶用電(dian)成本。

此外，此次(ci)出臺(tai)的新政策不涉及居民和農(nong)業(ye)用戶，仍(reng)執(zhi)行(xing)現行(xing)目錄(lu)銷售電價。

國(guo)家能源(yuan)集團技術經濟研(yan)究院副主任柴瑋表示，可(ke)以預見，隨著我國(guo)電(dian)力市(shi)場建設的(de)持續深入(ru)，價格(ge)機制改革的(de)作用將愈發(fa)凸顯，帶動我國(guo)電(dian)力市(shi)場建設更加(jia)市(shi)場化(hua)、更加(jia)規范化(hua)、更加(jia)科學化(hua)