煤電容量電價機制的實施，有利于(yu)推動(dong)煤電(dian)行業(ye)健(jian)康持續發(fa)展，維護電(dian)力系(xi)統安全(quan)可(ke)靠供應(ying)，促進能源綠(lv)色低碳轉型，助力“雙(shuang)碳”目標(biao)實現。

政(zheng)策考量(liang)有(you)新意

縱(zong)觀(guan)此次出臺的煤電容(rong)量電價機(ji)制(zhi)，可(ke)以發現有五大政策目(mu)的。

一是(shi)理順成本。

——明確容量成本回收機制。煤電企業經營成本主要包括折舊費、人工費、修理費、財務費等固定成本和燃煤等變動成本兩大部分，其中，固定成本約占煤電總成本的30%。自2021年《上網電價通知》發布后，煤電機組全部參與現貨市場交易，實行單一制電量電價，煤電企業固定成本回收完全依賴于發電量和電量電價，只有發電才能回收成本。但近年來，隨著風電、光伏發電快速發展，煤電利用小時數不斷降低，僅靠電能量市場難以回收固定投資成本。煤電容量電價機制的建立，是將現行單一制電量電價調整為“電量電價+容量電價”的兩部制電價，其中，電(dian)量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)通過市場(chang)化方式形成(cheng)，靈(ling)敏反映電(dian)力市場(chang)供需、燃料成(cheng)本變化等情況；容量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)則是為保障用(yong)戶側用(yong)電(dian)充裕度（與用(yong)電(dian)可靠性密切相關）而向提(ti)供有效容量(liang)的(de)(de)主體(ti)支付(fu)的(de)(de)費用(yong)，專門為回收煤(mei)電(dian)機組(zu)固定(ding)成(cheng)本而設，體(ti)現了煤(mei)電(dian)可靠發(fa)電(dian)容量(liang)的(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)值。

——明確(que)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)成本分(fen)攤機制。煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)單獨(du)設立后，如何疏導和分(fen)攤容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)成為(wei)各(ge)利益(yi)(yi)主體(ti)(ti)博(bo)弈(yi)的(de)(de)(de)焦點。如果容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)僅在發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)側內部分(fen)攤，由(you)新能源或者其他(ta)類型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源承擔(dan)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)，那么容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)攤就變成了發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)側不(bu)(bu)同(tong)主體(ti)(ti)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)“零(ling)和博(bo)弈(yi)”，不(bu)(bu)符合“誰受益(yi)(yi)、誰付費(fei)”權(quan)利義務(wu)對等的(de)(de)(de)原則。因(yin)為(wei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)最終目的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)保障系統(tong)有(you)效(xiao)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)充裕性，在推動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源結構調整的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時維(wei)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)安(an)全穩定運行(xing)，從長遠看，其最終受益(yi)(yi)者是(shi)用(yong)(yong)戶。而新能源或者其他(ta)類型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源并(bing)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)直接受益(yi)(yi)主體(ti)(ti)，由(you)它們(men)分(fen)攤不(bu)(bu)符合權(quan)責對等原則，還(huan)導致發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業失去有(you)效(xiao)激(ji)勵，降低(di)政策實施效(xiao)果。只有(you)將容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)有(you)效(xiao)地(di)傳導至用(yong)(yong)戶側，才(cai)能起到容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機制的(de)(de)(de)激(ji)勵作用(yong)(yong)。為(wei)此，《容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)通知(zhi)》明確(que)提出，在煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)實施后，容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)將納(na)入系統(tong)運行(xing)費(fei)中，并(bing)由(you)工商業用(yong)(yong)戶按當(dang)月用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)比例進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)攤，由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網企(qi)業根據當(dang)地(di)代理購電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)用(yong)(yong)戶的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)進(jin)行(xing)每(mei)月發布和滾動清算(suan)。

信息(xi)來源：國家發(fa)展改革(ge)委 國家能源局《關于建立煤(mei)電(dian)容(rong)量電(dian)價機制(zhi)的通知》

二是穩定預期。

近(jin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)來(lai)(lai)，綠色發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)成為經濟社會(hui)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)主基調，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)炭轉型(xing)步(bu)伐加(jia)快，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)替代力度持續加(jia)大(da)，新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)增(zeng)長(chang)迅(xun)猛。國家能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)局發(fa)布的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)，截至2023年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)9月，我國非化石(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)超(chao)(chao)過發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)總裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)一半，達(da)到(dao)51.6%。新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)快速(su)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)趨勢下，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組容量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)份(fen)額相對(dui)減(jian)少，逐步(bu)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)向基礎保障性(xing)和系統調節性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)轉變，年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)小時(shi)數(shu)顯(xian)(xian)著(zhu)下降，由(you)2015年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)5000小時(shi)以(yi)上降低(di)到(dao)2022年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)4300小時(shi)。此外，近(jin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)來(lai)(lai)，受煤(mei)(mei)(mei)炭價格高企(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)多重(zhong)(zhong)因(yin)素(su)影響，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)大(da)面(mian)積虧(kui)損(sun)。2021年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)國內主要發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)集團虧(kui)損(sun)1203億(yi)元(yuan)，虧(kui)損(sun)面(mian)高達(da)80.1%；近(jin)兩年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)雖有所改善，但2023年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)上半年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)仍虧(kui)損(sun)超(chao)(chao)過100億(yi)元(yuan)，虧(kui)損(sun)面(mian)達(da)50.6%，41.1%的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠負債率(lv)超(chao)(chao)75%。降碳退煤(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)約束、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)小時(shi)數(shu)下降以(yi)及虧(kui)損(sun)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)實(shi)壓力，嚴重(zhong)(zhong)打(da)擊了煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)積極(ji)性(xing)。煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)建立，改變了煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目投(tou)資(zi)(zi)成本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)回(hui)收模式，能(neng)夠在一定(ding)程(cheng)度上緩解煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)生產經營(ying)壓力。按照《容量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價通知(zhi)》規定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價補償(chang)標準(zhun)，對(dui)于(yu)存量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組而(er)言，按照煤(mei)(mei)(mei)價維持2023年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)價格水平測算，2024年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)全國燃煤(mei)(mei)(mei)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費規模約在千億(yi)元(yuan)左右。實(shi)行(xing)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)后，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)可回(hui)收部分之前因(yin)限價原因(yin)無法回(hui)收的(de)(de)(de)固定(ding)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)成本(ben)，改善經營(ying)狀(zhuang)況，行(xing)業(ye)整體效益可基本(ben)恢復(fu)(fu)至正常年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)份(fen)的(de)(de)(de)平均水平。長(chang)期(qi)(qi)看(kan)，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價為煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)提供了相對(dui)穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)收益預期(qi)(qi)，有利于(yu)恢復(fu)(fu)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)信心(xin)，提升煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組新增(zeng)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)積極(ji)性(xing)。

三是提升調節(jie)能力(li)。

新能(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)具有間(jian)歇(xie)性(xing)、波動性(xing)特(te)點，大規模(mo)高比例并網后，將會加(jia)劇電(dian)力系統安全穩定運行(xing)(xing)的風險，導致電(dian)力系統對調(diao)頻、調(diao)峰等調(diao)節資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)的需求(qiu)大大增(zeng)加(jia)。此外，隨著新能(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)裝機(ji)占(zhan)比不(bu)斷(duan)提(ti)(ti)升，新能(neng)源(yuan)小(xiao)發期間(jian)電(dian)力供(gong)應(ying)不(bu)足、大發期間(jian)消(xiao)納受限(xian)等問題可能(neng)交替出現(xian)(xian)，極端天氣下電(dian)力可靠(kao)(kao)供(gong)應(ying)難度(du)將進(jin)(jin)一步增(zeng)加(jia)。因(yin)此，需要(yao)其他(ta)電(dian)源(yuan)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)系統發電(dian)充裕(yu)性(xing)和足夠(gou)的調(diao)節能(neng)力。在我國現(xian)(xian)階段主要(yao)靈活(huo)性(xing)電(dian)源(yuan)中，抽水蓄能(neng)、燃氣發電(dian)受制(zhi)于(yu)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)稟賦，發展(zhan)規模(mo)均相對有限(xian)；儲能(neng)技(ji)術受制(zhi)于(yu)經(jing)濟(ji)性(xing)、安全性(xing)，商業化應(ying)用有待進(jin)(jin)一步開發。在當前的技(ji)術條件和裝機(ji)結(jie)構下，煤電(dian)是最為經(jing)濟(ji)可行(xing)(xing)、安全可靠(kao)(kao)的靈活(huo)調(diao)節資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)，對現(xian)(xian)存煤電(dian)機(ji)組進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)靈活(huo)性(xing)改造是最現(xian)(xian)實有效的方案。

我國早在(zai)2016年(nian)就啟動了煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)試(shi)點工作，并制(zhi)定(ding)了明確的(de)(de)靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)目標。電(dian)(dian)力(li)規劃(hua)設計(ji)(ji)總院發布的(de)(de)《中(zhong)國電(dian)(dian)力(li)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)報告2023》顯(xian)示，“十(shi)四五”前兩年(nian)，全國煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)“三改(gai)聯(lian)動”改(gai)造(zao)(zao)規模(mo)合計(ji)(ji)超過4.85億千(qian)瓦，其中(zhong)靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)1.88億千(qian)瓦。目前來看，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)實(shi)際進(jin)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)遠遠滯后(hou)(hou)于新能(neng)源(yuan)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)增速。影響進(jin)度的(de)(de)一個重要(yao)原因(yin)是成(cheng)本巨大，激勵機制(zhi)和(he)資(zi)金投(tou)入不足，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)企業(ye)缺乏(fa)積極(ji)性(xing)。據中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)聯(lian)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)單位千(qian)瓦調(diao)峰(feng)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)成(cheng)本約在(zai)500～1500元，再加上改(gai)造(zao)(zao)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)運維成(cheng)本、煤(mei)(mei)耗成(cheng)本、頻繁啟停成(cheng)本不斷增加，如(ru)果沒有合理的(de)(de)補償和(he)激勵機制(zhi)，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)企業(ye)的(de)(de)積極(ji)性(xing)難以激發。因(yin)此，建立(li)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)，依托(tuo)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)保(bao)障煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)企業(ye)回收(shou)一定(ding)比例的(de)(de)固定(ding)成(cheng)本，有助于其“輕裝(zhuang)上陣”，投(tou)入更(geng)多的(de)(de)資(zi)金進(jin)行必要(yao)的(de)(de)靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)，提升系統(tong)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)支撐和(he)調(diao)節能(neng)力(li)，更(geng)好(hao)地保(bao)障電(dian)(dian)力(li)安全穩(wen)定(ding)供應。

四是促(cu)進轉型。

——促(cu)進新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)納。推動(dong)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)低碳轉型(xing)、建設新型(xing)電(dian)力(li)系統不僅需要大力(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)、建設新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)，還要高比(bi)例消(xiao)納新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)。國(guo)家(jia)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)局發(fa)(fa)(fa)布(bu)的(de)最新數據顯示，截至10月底，全國(guo)累計(ji)太(tai)陽能(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)裝機容量(liang)約5.4億(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)，同(tong)比(bi)增長47.0%；風(feng)電(dian)裝機容量(liang)約4.0億(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)，同(tong)比(bi)增長15.6%。由于新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)比(bi)例過高的(de)電(dian)力(li)系統出力(li)特性(xing)無法與用戶側負(fu)荷曲線相匹配，必(bi)須搭配足夠多的(de)靈(ling)活調節性(xing)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。煤(mei)電(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)價機制(zhi)的(de)建立，可以(yi)推動(dong)煤(mei)電(dian)靈(ling)活性(xing)改造，發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮靈(ling)活調節潛(qian)力(li)，解決當前我(wo)國(guo)風(feng)電(dian)、光伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)裝機快(kuai)速(su)增長帶來的(de)消(xiao)納難題，保障新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)快(kuai)速(su)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。

——促進煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功能(neng)轉(zhuan)型。長期以來，我(wo)國(guo)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組以不(bu)足50%的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)機占比(bi)，提供(gong)了60%的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，支撐超70%的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網高(gao)峰負荷，是我(wo)國(guo)主(zhu)(zhu)要和基礎保(bao)障性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。隨著新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)建設不(bu)斷推(tui)進，新(xin)能(neng)源逐漸替(ti)代煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)成為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)要的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)供(gong)應方，未來煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)在(zai)降碳(tan)減碳(tan)的(de)(de)過(guo)程中平(ping)均(jun)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)利用小時數將(jiang)會持(chi)續降低，功能(neng)角色將(jiang)從主(zhu)(zhu)要的(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源向調節性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源過(guo)渡。煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價的(de)(de)建立，直接(jie)改變煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企業的(de)(de)盈利模(mo)式，消(xiao)除經營及投資顧慮，為(wei)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功能(neng)轉(zhuan)型“保(bao)駕護航”。

——合(he)理把握(wo)煤(mei)電(dian)功能(neng)轉(zhuan)型(xing)節奏(zou)。考慮(lv)(lv)到我國不同(tong)區(qu)域資源(yuan)稟賦(fu)、經(jing)濟(ji)發展水平和(he)電(dian)源(yuan)結構存(cun)在較大(da)差異，各地煤(mei)電(dian)行業的轉(zhuan)型(xing)路徑也不盡(jin)相(xiang)同(tong)。再加(jia)上煤(mei)電(dian)機組體量大(da)，改造(zao)和(he)轉(zhuan)型(xing)任務艱(jian)巨，需要統籌考慮(lv)(lv)各地煤(mei)電(dian)在轉(zhuan)型(xing)過程中(zhong)的成本(ben)擱淺問題，合(he)理把握(wo)煤(mei)電(dian)功能(neng)轉(zhuan)型(xing)節奏(zou)。所以(yi)，《容量電(dian)價通知》才提出(chu)，因地制(zhi)宜制(zhi)定煤(mei)電(dian)容量電(dian)價機制(zhi)。功能(neng)轉(zhuan)型(xing)較快、年利用小時數較低的省(sheng)(sheng)份，回收固定成本(ben)比(bi)例高；轉(zhuan)型(xing)相(xiang)對(dui)較緩(huan)的省(sheng)(sheng)份，回收固定成本(ben)比(bi)例低。

五是(shi)健(jian)全市場。

根據提供(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服(fu)務類型(xing)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)商品一(yi)般包含(han)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)、調節、平(ping)(ping)衡、容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)四個維度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價值，其中，電(dian)(dian)量(liang)、調節價值可以通過電(dian)(dian)力(li)現(xian)(xian)(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)來(lai)體現(xian)(xian)(xian)，平(ping)(ping)衡價值由輔助服(fu)務市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)來(lai)體現(xian)(xian)(xian)，有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)價值需(xu)要(yao)通過容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)回收(shou)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)來(lai)體現(xian)(xian)(xian)。從國(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)經驗看，電(dian)(dian)力(li)現(xian)(xian)(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)是(shi)競爭(zheng)性電(dian)(dian)力(li)批發市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)部分，基于(yu)(yu)邊際(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)定(ding)(ding)價理論的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)(ben)定(ding)(ding)價模式(shi)雖然能夠(gou)真(zhen)實反(fan)映(ying)電(dian)(dian)力(li)商品在時(shi)間(jian)和(he)空間(jian)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)及(ji)供(gong)(gong)需(xu)變化(hua)，實現(xian)(xian)(xian)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)效(xiao)優化(hua)配置，但往(wang)往(wang)導致決定(ding)(ding)現(xian)(xian)(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)出清價格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邊際(ji)(ji)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)無法(fa)得到合理補(bu)償，而(er)非邊際(ji)(ji)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)回收(shou)程度(du)也存(cun)在較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不確定(ding)(ding)性，給發電(dian)(dian)企業回收(shou)全部固(gu)定(ding)(ding)投資(zi)帶來(lai)巨大挑戰。基于(yu)(yu)此(ci)，大多數國(guo)(guo)家(jia)和(he)地區在建立(li)電(dian)(dian)力(li)現(xian)(xian)(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)過程中都會設計(ji)相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)回收(shou)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。目前，主流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主要(yao)有稀缺定(ding)(ding)價機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)補(bu)償機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、戰略備用機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)。容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)與各國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)情、電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)發展程度(du)、市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)模式(shi)等(deng)密切相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)，需(xu)要(yao)因地制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜(yi)地設計(ji)和(he)選(xuan)擇(ze)發電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)回收(shou)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

圖片

2017年以(yi)來(lai)，我國開展電(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)(xian)貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)建(jian)設試點。2023年10月，國家發(fa)展改革(ge)委、國家能源局(ju)印(yin)發(fa)《關于進(jin)一步加(jia)(jia)快電(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)(xian)貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)建(jian)設工作的(de)通知》，對各地現(xian)(xian)貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)建(jian)設進(jin)度做(zuo)出(chu)了(le)(le)明確(que)的(de)時(shi)間要(yao)求，并(bing)在全(quan)(quan)國范(fan)圍內加(jia)(jia)快推進(jin)現(xian)(xian)貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)建(jian)設。2021年，國家能源局(ju)印(yin)發(fa)《電(dian)力(li)(li)輔助服務管(guan)理辦(ban)法》，電(dian)力(li)(li)平衡(heng)價值也能得到體現(xian)(xian)。但(dan)容量(liang)成本(ben)回(hui)(hui)收機制(zhi)(zhi)只在部分省份(fen)進(jin)行了(le)(le)探(tan)索，沒有在全(quan)(quan)國大(da)范(fan)圍推進(jin)。所(suo)以(yi)，煤電(dian)容量(liang)價格的(de)出(chu)臺，建(jian)立(li)了(le)(le)覆(fu)蓋我國主要(yao)有效容量(liang)來(lai)源的(de)成本(ben)回(hui)(hui)收機制(zhi)(zhi)，彌(mi)補了(le)(le)電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)體系中容量(liang)機制(zhi)(zhi)設計(ji)的(de)空白，為電(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)(xian)貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)打上了(le)(le)重要(yao)“補丁”，滿足(zu)了(le)(le)我國健全(quan)(quan)多層(ceng)次電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)體系的(de)需要(yao)。

后續發展蘊新意

煤電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價機(ji)(ji)(ji)制將推動發(fa)電(dian)(dian)側統一容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價機(ji)(ji)(ji)制出臺(tai)。此次出臺(tai)的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價僅(jin)針對(dui)煤電(dian)(dian)，暫(zan)不涉及其他類型發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)。雖然(ran)之前抽水(shui)蓄能(neng)和部分燃氣發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)已納(na)入(ru)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價管(guan)理體(ti)系(xi)，但其他類型的(de)(de)儲能(neng)和一些能(neng)夠提供頂峰容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)燃氣機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)并未納(na)入(ru)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價的(de)(de)范疇，所以，目前尚未建立面向所有(you)可提供有(you)效(xiao)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價體(ti)系(xi)。

考慮到煤電容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電價的(de)基準性，煤電容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電價機制的(de)出臺(tai)將會推動發電側統(tong)一容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電價機制出臺(tai)。

煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)改變(bian)了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)結構(gou)。煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)出(chu)臺，將之前單一的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)結構(gou)進行了(le)(le)拆分(fen)，改為“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)+容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)”；雖然(ran)明確(que)規定容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)向用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側疏(shu)導(dao)(dao)和分(fen)攤，但不(bu)一定會推高用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)和價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)。首先，給予煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)補(bu)償后，長期市場(chang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)中固定成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)回收的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)將更多反映燃料成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)，從(cong)而減少策(ce)略性(xing)報價(jia)(jia)(jia)，可(ke)能(neng)導(dao)(dao)致煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)下降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)。二是煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)是其他各類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)基準，其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)下降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)可(ke)能(neng)帶動(dong)其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)下降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)。雖然(ran)終端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)總水平的(de)漲跌存(cun)在不(bu)確(que)定性(xing)，但考(kao)慮到煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)疏(shu)導(dao)(dao)和分(fen)攤只(zhi)涉及(ji)到工(gong)商業(ye)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)，不(bu)涉及(ji)居民(min)和農業(ye)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)，這些(xie)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)仍執行現行目錄銷售電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)政策(ce)，可(ke)能(neng)導(dao)(dao)致工(gong)商業(ye)與居民(min)之間電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)差距越來越大(da)，交叉補(bu)貼(tie)越來越多。

煤電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價為(wei)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)市場建(jian)設(she)(she)奠(dian)定(ding)了基礎。在(zai)主(zhu)流(liu)發電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)成本回收機制(zhi)中，容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)市場是最(zui)具有(you)市場特征的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式。它以競爭(zheng)方(fang)(fang)式形成容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)價格(ge)，并成為(wei)競爭(zheng)性電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要組(zu)(zu)成部分。然而，容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)市場的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)計較為(wei)復雜(za)，特別(bie)是對(dui)于(yu)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)需求的(de)(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)確預測(ce)要求較高。相(xiang)比之(zhi)下，容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)補(bu)(bu)償機制(zhi)是對(dui)發電(dian)(dian)企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)投資進(jin)行直接補(bu)(bu)償，通(tong)過設(she)(she)定(ding)相(xiang)對(dui)穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價，為(wei)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)投資主(zhu)體提供穩定(ding)預期(qi)，降低建(jian)設(she)(she)難度和風險，易于(yu)實施。我(wo)國(guo)出臺(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)煤電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價屬(shu)于(yu)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)補(bu)(bu)償機制(zhi)，通(tong)過行政方(fang)(fang)式確定(ding)，雖(sui)然能(neng)夠保障(zhang)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)價格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)長(chang)期(qi)穩定(ding)，但(dan)也(ye)存在(zai)市場化程度不(bu)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，因此(ci)被視為(wei)一項過渡性機制(zhi)。隨著我(wo)國(guo)市場化程度的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷提高，各(ge)類型(xing)機組(zu)(zu)相(xiang)繼入市，容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價機制(zhi)也(ye)將覆蓋各(ge)類型(xing)機組(zu)(zu)。不(bu)同(tong)(tong)類型(xing)機組(zu)(zu)按照“同(tong)(tong)質同(tong)(tong)價”的(de)(de)(de)(de)原則公平競爭(zheng)，使得(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)價值更(geng)加符合系統需要，為(wei)后續競爭(zheng)性容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)市場的(de)(de)(de)(de)開設(she)(she)奠(dian)定(ding)堅實基礎。