國家發展改革委、國家能源局近日聯合印發《關于建立煤電容量電價機制的通知》，決定將現行煤電單一制電價調整為兩部制電價。為何要建立煤電容量電價機制？對于終端用戶用電成本有何影響……一起來看本期快問快答→

問：建立(li)煤(mei)電容量電價機制、對煤(mei)電實行(xing)兩部制電價政(zheng)策有何意義？

答：隨著(zhu)國內新能源(yuan)快速發展，推(tui)動煤(mei)電(dian)這(zhe)一(yi)我國最(zui)重要(yao)(yao)、成本較低的(de)支(zhi)撐調(diao)節電(dian)源(yuan)加快向(xiang)提(ti)供容(rong)量支(zhi)撐保障和(he)電(dian)量并重轉型，平(ping)常時段為新能源(yuan)發電(dian)讓出空間、高峰(feng)時段繼續頂(ding)峰(feng)出力(li)，對促進新能源(yuan)發展具有重要(yao)(yao)意義。

專家(jia)介紹(shao)，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)經營成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本包括折舊費(fei)、人工費(fei)、修理費(fei)、財務費(fei)等(deng)(deng)固定成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本和燃煤(mei)(mei)等(deng)(deng)變(bian)動成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本。目前，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟國家(jia)通(tong)常實(shi)行兩部(bu)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)價，即(ji)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價主要(yao)(yao)回收(shou)機(ji)組(zu)固定成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本、電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價主要(yao)(yao)回收(shou)變(bian)動成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本。電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價通(tong)過市(shi)場化(hua)方式形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，靈敏反映電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場供需、燃料成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本變(bian)化(hua)等(deng)(deng)情況；容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價水平根(gen)據轉型進(jin)度等(deng)(deng)實(shi)際情況合(he)理確(que)定并逐(zhu)步調(diao)整，充分體現煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統的(de)支撐調(diao)節價值。因而，建立煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)制是保(bao)障電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統安全運行、更好促(cu)進(jin)能源綠色低碳轉型的(de)必然要(yao)(yao)求。

問：兩部制電價政策，對煤電企業(ye)有(you)何影響？

答：在現行單(dan)一(yi)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價體系下(xia)，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業只(zhi)有(you)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)才(cai)能回(hui)(hui)收成本(ben)(ben)并(bing)獲得回(hui)(hui)報。隨著煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉變經營(ying)模式，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組越(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)多時間“備而不用”，通過單(dan)一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價難(nan)以(yi)完全回(hui)(hui)收成本(ben)(ben)，近(jin)年來(lai)出現行業預期(qi)不穩等現象。煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價機制(zhi)的建(jian)立(li)，破解了這(zhe)一(yi)行業難(nan)題。

“此(ci)次建(jian)立容量(liang)電價(jia)機制采取(qu)了(le)明確(que)(que)預期(qi)、逐(zhu)步提高的方(fang)式，既釋放清晰明確(que)(que)的信(xin)號，穩定煤電行業(ye)預期(qi)、讓(rang)企業(ye)吃下‘定心丸’，又有利(li)于凝聚各方(fang)共識，確(que)(que)保機制平穩實施(shi)。”國家(jia)發展改革委相關負(fu)責人(ren)表(biao)示。

具體來看，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價機制(zhi)明(ming)確(que)了(le)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價水平，價格按(an)照回收(shou)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)一定比例固(gu)定成(cheng)本(ben)方式確(que)定。其中，用(yong)于(yu)計(ji)算(suan)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價的煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)固(gu)定成(cheng)本(ben)實行(xing)全國統一標(biao)準，為每年每千瓦330元。綜(zong)合考慮各地電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統需要、煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功能(neng)轉型情況等因素，2024年至(zhi)2025年，多(duo)數(shu)地方通(tong)過(guo)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價回收(shou)固(gu)定成(cheng)本(ben)比例為30％左右，部分煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功能(neng)轉型較快的地方適當(dang)高一些；2026年起，各地通(tong)過(guo)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價回收(shou)固(gu)定成(cheng)本(ben)比例提升至(zhi)不低(di)于(yu)50％。此外，各地煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費納入系統運行(xing)費用(yong)，每月(yue)由工商(shang)業(ye)用(yong)戶按(an)當(dang)月(yue)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)比例分攤。

問：對于終端用電(dian)成本究竟(jing)有何影(ying)響？

答：國(guo)家(jia)發(fa)展改革(ge)委相關負(fu)責人表示(shi)，建立煤電容量電價(jia)機制對(dui)于終端用戶用電成本的(de)影響，無論是(shi)從短期(qi)還(huan)是(shi)從長(chang)期(qi)看，都是(shi)積(ji)極正面的(de)。

短期看，對(dui)終端用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本的(de)影(ying)響總(zong)體(ti)較小。由于建立(li)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制主要是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)結構的(de)調整，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)總(zong)體(ti)價(jia)格水(shui)(shui)平基本穩定，特別是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)小幅下(xia)(xia)降，將帶動水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、核電(dian)(dian)(dian)、新能源(yuan)(yuan)等其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)參(can)與市場交易部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)隨之下(xia)(xia)行，工商業用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)終端用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本總(zong)體(ti)有望穩中略降。

長(chang)期看，建(jian)(jian)立煤(mei)電(dian)容(rong)量電(dian)價機制，首次實現對煤(mei)電(dian)這一主力(li)電(dian)源(yuan)品種(zhong)電(dian)能(neng)量價值和(he)容(rong)量價值的(de)區分，可(ke)有力(li)推動構建(jian)(jian)多層次電(dian)力(li)市場體系，引導(dao)煤(mei)電(dian)、新能(neng)源(yuan)等(deng)市場參與(yu)者各展所長(chang)、各盡所能(neng)、充分競爭，全(quan)面(mian)優化電(dian)力(li)資源(yuan)配置，提升電(dian)力(li)系統的(de)經濟(ji)性，從而降低(di)終端用戶(hu)用電(dian)成(cheng)本。

此外，此次出(chu)臺的(de)新政策不涉(she)及居民(min)和農業用戶，仍執行(xing)現行(xing)目錄銷售電價。

國(guo)(guo)家能源集團技(ji)術(shu)經濟研究院副主任柴瑋表示，可以預見，隨著我(wo)國(guo)(guo)電力市場建(jian)設(she)的持續深入(ru)，價格機制改革的作(zuo)用(yong)將(jiang)愈發凸顯，帶(dai)動我(wo)國(guo)(guo)電力市場建(jian)設(she)更(geng)加市場化、更(geng)加規范(fan)化、更(geng)加科學化