煤電容量電價機制的實(shi)施，有(you)利于推動煤電行業(ye)健康持(chi)續發展，維護電力系統安全可(ke)靠供(gong)應，促進能源(yuan)綠色低碳轉型，助力“雙碳”目(mu)標實(shi)現(xian)。

政策考量有新意

縱觀(guan)此次出臺的(de)煤電(dian)容(rong)量電(dian)價(jia)機制，可以發現有五大政(zheng)策目的(de)。

一是理(li)順成本。

——明確容量成本回收機制。煤電企業經營成本主要包括折舊費、人工費、修理費、財務費等固定成本和燃煤等變動成本兩大部分，其中，固定成本約占煤電總成本的30%。自2021年《上網電價通知》發布后，煤電機組全部參與現貨市場交易，實行單一制電量電價，煤電企業固定成本回收完全依賴于發電量和電量電價，只有發電才能回收成本。但近年來，隨著風電、光伏發電快速發展，煤電利用小時數不斷降低，僅靠電能量市場難以回收固定投資成本。煤電容量電價機制的建立，是將現行單一制電量電價調整為“電量電價+容量電價”的兩部制電價，其(qi)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價通過市(shi)場化方式形成，靈敏(min)反映電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場供需、燃料成本變化等(deng)情況；容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價則是(shi)為保障(zhang)用(yong)戶側用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)裕度(du)（與用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)(ke)靠性密切相關）而向提(ti)供有效容量的主體支(zhi)付(fu)的費用(yong)，專門為回收煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組固定成本而設，體現了煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)(ke)靠發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量的價值。

——明確容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)成本分(fen)(fen)攤機制(zhi)(zhi)。煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)單獨(du)設(she)立(li)后(hou)(hou)，如(ru)何疏(shu)導(dao)(dao)和分(fen)(fen)攤容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)成為(wei)各(ge)利(li)益(yi)(yi)主體博弈的(de)(de)(de)(de)焦點。如(ru)果容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)僅在(zai)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)側內部分(fen)(fen)攤，由(you)(you)新能源(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)者其他類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)承(cheng)擔容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)，那么(me)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)攤就變(bian)成了(le)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)側不(bu)(bu)同主體之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)“零和博弈”，不(bu)(bu)符合(he)“誰受益(yi)(yi)、誰付(fu)費(fei)(fei)”權(quan)利(li)義(yi)務(wu)對(dui)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原則(ze)。因為(wei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最終目的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)保障系(xi)統有(you)效容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充裕(yu)性，在(zai)推動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)結構調整的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時維護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統安全穩定運行(xing)(xing)，從長遠看，其最終受益(yi)(yi)者是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)。而新能源(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)者其他類(lei)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)并不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)直接受益(yi)(yi)主體，由(you)(you)它們分(fen)(fen)攤不(bu)(bu)符合(he)權(quan)責對(dui)等(deng)原則(ze)，還導(dao)(dao)致發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業失去有(you)效激勵，降低政(zheng)策實施效果。只有(you)將容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)有(you)效地傳導(dao)(dao)至(zhi)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側，才能起到容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)激勵作用(yong)(yong)。為(wei)此，《容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)通知》明確提出，在(zai)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)實施后(hou)(hou)，容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)將納入系(xi)統運行(xing)(xing)費(fei)(fei)中，并由(you)(you)工(gong)商業用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)按當月用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)比(bi)例進行(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)攤，由(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網企業根據當地代理購(gou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)進行(xing)(xing)每月發(fa)布(bu)和滾動清算(suan)。

信息(xi)來源(yuan)：國家發(fa)展改革委 國家能源(yuan)局《關(guan)于建立煤電(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)價機制的(de)通知(zhi)》

二是穩定預期。

近(jin)年來，綠色(se)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)成(cheng)為(wei)經(jing)濟社會發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)基調(diao)，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)炭(tan)(tan)轉型(xing)步伐(fa)加(jia)快(kuai)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)替代(dai)力度持續(xu)加(jia)大，新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)增長(chang)迅(xun)猛。國(guo)家能(neng)源(yuan)局發(fa)(fa)(fa)布的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據顯(xian)示(shi)，截至(zhi)2023年9月，我國(guo)非化石能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)超(chao)過發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)總裝機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)半，達(da)到51.6%。新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)快(kuai)速發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)趨(qu)勢下(xia)，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)份額相對(dui)減少，逐步從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)向基礎保障性(xing)和系統調(diao)節性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)轉變，年發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)數(shu)顯(xian)著下(xia)降，由2015年的(de)(de)(de)5000小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)以上降低到2022年的(de)(de)(de)4300小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)。此外(wai)，近(jin)年來，受煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)炭(tan)(tan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格高企等多重因素影響，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業大面積虧(kui)損(sun)。2021年國(guo)內主(zhu)要發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)集(ji)團虧(kui)損(sun)1203億元，虧(kui)損(sun)面高達(da)80.1%；近(jin)兩年雖(sui)有所改(gai)善，但(dan)2023年上半年仍虧(kui)損(sun)超(chao)過100億元，虧(kui)損(sun)面達(da)50.6%，41.1%的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠負(fu)債(zhai)率(lv)超(chao)75%。降碳退煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)約束、發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)數(shu)下(xia)降以及虧(kui)損(sun)的(de)(de)(de)現實(shi)壓力，嚴重打擊了(le)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)投(tou)(tou)資的(de)(de)(de)積極性(xing)。煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)立，改(gai)變了(le)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目投(tou)(tou)資成(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)回(hui)收模(mo)式，能(neng)夠在一(yi)定(ding)程度上緩解(jie)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業生產經(jing)營壓力。按(an)照(zhao)《容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)通(tong)知(zhi)》規定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)補償標準(zhun)，對(dui)于存量(liang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)而言，按(an)照(zhao)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)價(jia)(jia)(jia)維持2023年價(jia)(jia)(jia)格水(shui)平測算(suan)，2024年全(quan)國(guo)燃煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費規模(mo)約在千億元左右。實(shi)行(xing)(xing)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制后，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業可回(hui)收部分之(zhi)前因限價(jia)(jia)(jia)原因無法回(hui)收的(de)(de)(de)固定(ding)投(tou)(tou)資成(cheng)本，改(gai)善經(jing)營狀況，行(xing)(xing)業整體效益(yi)可基本恢(hui)復至(zhi)正常(chang)年份的(de)(de)(de)平均(jun)水(shui)平。長(chang)期看(kan)，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)為(wei)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)投(tou)(tou)資提(ti)供了(le)相對(dui)穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)收益(yi)預期，有利于恢(hui)復煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)投(tou)(tou)資信(xin)心，提(ti)升(sheng)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)新(xin)增投(tou)(tou)資積極性(xing)。

三是(shi)提(ti)升調(diao)節(jie)能力。

新能源發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)具有(you)間(jian)(jian)歇性(xing)、波動性(xing)特點，大規模(mo)高比例(li)并網后(hou)，將(jiang)會加(jia)劇電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統安(an)全(quan)(quan)穩定運行(xing)的風險，導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統對(dui)調(diao)頻(pin)、調(diao)峰等調(diao)節資(zi)源的需求大大增加(jia)。此外，隨(sui)著新能源發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機占比不(bu)(bu)斷提升，新能源小發(fa)(fa)(fa)期間(jian)(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)應不(bu)(bu)足(zu)、大發(fa)(fa)(fa)期間(jian)(jian)消納受(shou)(shou)限等問題可(ke)能交替出現，極端天氣(qi)下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)可(ke)靠供(gong)應難度將(jiang)進一步(bu)增加(jia)。因此，需要(yao)(yao)其(qi)他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源提供(gong)系統發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充裕性(xing)和足(zu)夠(gou)的調(diao)節能力(li)。在我國現階段(duan)主要(yao)(yao)靈活(huo)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源中，抽水蓄能、燃氣(qi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)受(shou)(shou)制(zhi)于資(zi)源稟賦(fu)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)展規模(mo)均相對(dui)有(you)限；儲能技術受(shou)(shou)制(zhi)于經濟性(xing)、安(an)全(quan)(quan)性(xing)，商業化應用有(you)待進一步(bu)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)。在當前(qian)的技術條件和裝(zhuang)機結構(gou)下(xia)，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是最為經濟可(ke)行(xing)、安(an)全(quan)(quan)可(ke)靠的靈活(huo)調(diao)節資(zi)源，對(dui)現存煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)進行(xing)靈活(huo)性(xing)改造是最現實有(you)效(xiao)的方案。

我國(guo)早(zao)在(zai)2016年(nian)就啟動了煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)靈(ling)活性(xing)(xing)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)造(zao)試點工作，并制(zhi)定了明(ming)確的(de)(de)靈(ling)活性(xing)(xing)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)造(zao)目標(biao)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力規(gui)劃設計(ji)總院發布(bu)的(de)(de)《中國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力發展報告2023》顯(xian)示，“十四五”前兩年(nian)，全國(guo)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)“三改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)聯動”改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)造(zao)規(gui)模合計(ji)超過(guo)4.85億千瓦(wa)(wa)，其中靈(ling)活性(xing)(xing)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)造(zao)1.88億千瓦(wa)(wa)。目前來看(kan)，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)靈(ling)活性(xing)(xing)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)造(zao)實(shi)際進展遠(yuan)遠(yuan)滯后(hou)于新能源發展增(zeng)速。影(ying)響進度的(de)(de)一個(ge)重要原(yuan)因(yin)是成本(ben)巨大，激勵機制(zhi)和資金投入不(bu)足(zu)，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業缺乏積(ji)極(ji)性(xing)(xing)。據中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)聯統(tong)計(ji)，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)靈(ling)活性(xing)(xing)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)造(zao)單(dan)位千瓦(wa)(wa)調峰容量(liang)成本(ben)約在(zai)500～1500元，再加上改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)造(zao)后(hou)的(de)(de)運維成本(ben)、煤耗成本(ben)、頻繁啟停成本(ben)不(bu)斷增(zeng)加，如果沒有合理的(de)(de)補償和激勵機制(zhi)，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業的(de)(de)積(ji)極(ji)性(xing)(xing)難以激發。因(yin)此，建立煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)，依托容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)保(bao)障(zhang)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業回收一定比例的(de)(de)固定成本(ben)，有助(zhu)于其“輕裝上陣”，投入更多的(de)(de)資金進行(xing)必要的(de)(de)靈(ling)活性(xing)(xing)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)造(zao)，提升系(xi)統(tong)容量(liang)支撐和調節能力，更好地保(bao)障(zhang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力安全穩定供應。

四(si)是促進(jin)轉(zhuan)型。

——促進新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)納(na)。推動(dong)能(neng)源(yuan)低碳轉型、建(jian)設新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統不(bu)僅需要大力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)展、建(jian)設新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)，還要高比例消(xiao)納(na)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)。國家(jia)能(neng)源(yuan)局發(fa)(fa)布的(de)最(zui)新(xin)數據(ju)顯示，截至10月底，全國累計太陽(yang)能(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝機容量(liang)約(yue)(yue)5.4億(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)，同(tong)比增(zeng)(zeng)長47.0%；風電(dian)(dian)裝機容量(liang)約(yue)(yue)4.0億(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)，同(tong)比增(zeng)(zeng)長15.6%。由于(yu)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)比例過高的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統出(chu)力(li)(li)特性無(wu)法與用戶側負荷曲(qu)線相匹配(pei)(pei)，必須搭配(pei)(pei)足夠多的(de)靈活調節(jie)性電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。煤電(dian)(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價機制的(de)建(jian)立，可以推動(dong)煤電(dian)(dian)靈活性改造，發(fa)(fa)揮靈活調節(jie)潛力(li)(li)，解(jie)決(jue)當前我國風電(dian)(dian)、光伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝機快(kuai)速增(zeng)(zeng)長帶(dai)來(lai)的(de)消(xiao)納(na)難(nan)題，保障新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)快(kuai)速發(fa)(fa)展。

——促進(jin)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)。長期以(yi)來，我(wo)國煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組以(yi)不足50%的裝機占比(bi)，提供了60%的電(dian)(dian)(dian)量，支撐超70%的電(dian)(dian)(dian)網高峰負荷，是我(wo)國主(zhu)要和基礎保(bao)障性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。隨著新型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統建(jian)設不斷推(tui)進(jin)，新能(neng)(neng)源逐漸(jian)替代煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)成為主(zhu)要的電(dian)(dian)(dian)量供應方，未(wei)來煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)在降碳減碳的過程中平均(jun)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)利用小時數將會持(chi)續降低，功能(neng)(neng)角(jiao)色將從主(zhu)要的發電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源向調節性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源過渡。煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)的建(jian)立(li)，直接(jie)改變煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企業的盈利模式(shi)，消(xiao)除經營及投資顧慮，為煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)“保(bao)駕(jia)護航”。

——合理把握(wo)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)節奏。考慮到我國不同區(qu)域資(zi)源稟賦、經濟發展(zhan)水平和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源結構存在(zai)較大差異，各地煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)行業的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)路徑(jing)也(ye)不盡相同。再(zai)加上(shang)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組體量(liang)(liang)大，改造(zao)和(he)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)任務(wu)艱(jian)巨，需要統籌考慮各地煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)在(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)過程中的(de)(de)成(cheng)本擱淺問題，合理把握(wo)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)節奏。所以，《容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價通知》才提出，因(yin)地制宜制定(ding)(ding)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)制。功能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)較快(kuai)、年利用(yong)小時數較低的(de)(de)省份(fen)(fen)，回收固定(ding)(ding)成(cheng)本比例高；轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)相對較緩的(de)(de)省份(fen)(fen)，回收固定(ding)(ding)成(cheng)本比例低。

五是健(jian)全市場。

根(gen)據(ju)提供的(de)(de)(de)服務(wu)類型，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)商(shang)品一般(ban)包含電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)、調(diao)節、平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)、容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)四個維度(du)的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)值，其中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)、調(diao)節價(jia)(jia)值可以通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)現(xian)貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)來(lai)體(ti)現(xian)，平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)價(jia)(jia)值由輔助服務(wu)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)來(lai)體(ti)現(xian)，有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)價(jia)(jia)值需要通(tong)過(guo)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)成本(ben)回(hui)(hui)收機制(zhi)來(lai)體(ti)現(xian)。從國(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)經驗看，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)現(xian)貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)是競爭性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)批發(fa)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)重要組成部分，基(ji)于邊(bian)(bian)際(ji)(ji)(ji)成本(ben)定價(jia)(jia)理(li)論的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)定價(jia)(jia)模式(shi)雖然(ran)能夠真實反(fan)映電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)商(shang)品在(zai)(zai)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)和(he)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)上的(de)(de)(de)成本(ben)及供需變化(hua)，實現(xian)資源的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)效優化(hua)配置，但往往導致決定現(xian)貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)出清價(jia)(jia)格的(de)(de)(de)邊(bian)(bian)際(ji)(ji)(ji)機組的(de)(de)(de)固定成本(ben)無法得(de)到合理(li)補(bu)償，而非邊(bian)(bian)際(ji)(ji)(ji)機組的(de)(de)(de)固定成本(ben)回(hui)(hui)收程(cheng)度(du)也存在(zai)(zai)較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)確定性(xing)，給(gei)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企業回(hui)(hui)收全部固定投資帶來(lai)巨大(da)挑戰。基(ji)于此，大(da)多數(shu)國(guo)家(jia)和(he)地(di)(di)區在(zai)(zai)建立電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)現(xian)貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)過(guo)程(cheng)中都會設(she)計(ji)相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)成本(ben)回(hui)(hui)收機制(zhi)。目前，主流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)機制(zhi)主要有(you)稀缺定價(jia)(jia)機制(zhi)、容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)機制(zhi)、容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)補(bu)償機制(zhi)、戰略備用(yong)機制(zhi)等。容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)機制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)選擇(ze)與各國(guo)國(guo)情、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)發(fa)展程(cheng)度(du)、市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)模式(shi)等密(mi)切相(xiang)關，需要因地(di)(di)制(zhi)宜地(di)(di)設(she)計(ji)和(he)選擇(ze)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)成本(ben)回(hui)(hui)收機制(zhi)。

圖片

2017年以(yi)來(lai)(lai)，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)開展(zhan)(zhan)電力現(xian)貨(huo)市場(chang)(chang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)試(shi)點。2023年10月，國(guo)(guo)(guo)家發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)改革委(wei)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)家能源局印發(fa)《關于進(jin)(jin)一步加(jia)快電力現(xian)貨(huo)市場(chang)(chang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工作的(de)通知》，對各地現(xian)貨(huo)市場(chang)(chang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)進(jin)(jin)度(du)做出(chu)了明確的(de)時間要求，并(bing)在(zai)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)范圍(wei)內(nei)加(jia)快推進(jin)(jin)現(xian)貨(huo)市場(chang)(chang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)。2021年，國(guo)(guo)(guo)家能源局印發(fa)《電力輔助服務管理(li)辦(ban)法》，電力平衡價(jia)(jia)值也(ye)能得到體(ti)(ti)現(xian)。但容量成本回(hui)收機(ji)制(zhi)只在(zai)部分(fen)省(sheng)份進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了探索，沒有在(zai)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)大范圍(wei)推進(jin)(jin)。所以(yi)，煤(mei)電容量價(jia)(jia)格的(de)出(chu)臺，建(jian)(jian)立了覆蓋我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)主(zhu)要有效容量來(lai)(lai)源的(de)成本回(hui)收機(ji)制(zhi)，彌補了電力市場(chang)(chang)體(ti)(ti)系中容量機(ji)制(zhi)設(she)計的(de)空白，為電力現(xian)貨(huo)市場(chang)(chang)打上了重要“補丁(ding)”，滿足(zu)了我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)健全多層次電力市場(chang)(chang)體(ti)(ti)系的(de)需要。

后(hou)續發展蘊新意

煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)(ji)制將推動發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)側(ce)統(tong)一容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)(ji)制出臺(tai)。此次(ci)出臺(tai)的容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)僅針對煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，暫(zan)不涉及其(qi)他類型發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組。雖然之前抽水蓄能(neng)和(he)部分燃(ran)氣(qi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組已納(na)入(ru)(ru)容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)管理(li)體系，但其(qi)他類型的儲能(neng)和(he)一些能(neng)夠(gou)提(ti)供(gong)頂(ding)峰容量(liang)(liang)的燃(ran)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)組并未(wei)納(na)入(ru)(ru)容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)的范疇，所以，目前尚未(wei)建立面向所有(you)可提(ti)供(gong)有(you)效容量(liang)(liang)的容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)體系。

考慮到煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價的基準(zhun)性，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價機制的出(chu)臺將會推動發電(dian)(dian)(dian)側(ce)統(tong)一(yi)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價機制出(chu)臺。

煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)改變了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)結構。煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)出臺，將之(zhi)前單一的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)結構進行(xing)了拆分，改為(wei)“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)+容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)”；雖(sui)然(ran)明確規定(ding)容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)向用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側(ce)疏導(dao)和(he)分攤，但不(bu)一定(ding)會推高(gao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本和(he)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)。首先，給予煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量補償后，長期(qi)市場價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)中固定(ding)成(cheng)本回收的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)量將更多(duo)反映燃料成(cheng)本，從而減少策略性報(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，可(ke)能(neng)(neng)導(dao)致(zhi)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)下(xia)降。二(er)是煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)是其他各類(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)準(zhun)，其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)下(xia)降可(ke)能(neng)(neng)帶動其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)下(xia)降。雖(sui)然(ran)終端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)總(zong)水平的(de)(de)(de)漲跌存在不(bu)確定(ding)性，但考(kao)慮到煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)疏導(dao)和(he)分攤只涉(she)及到工(gong)商業(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)，不(bu)涉(she)及居民和(he)農業(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)，這些用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)仍(reng)執行(xing)現行(xing)目錄銷售(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)政(zheng)策，可(ke)能(neng)(neng)導(dao)致(zhi)工(gong)商業(ye)與(yu)居民之(zhi)間電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)差距越(yue)來越(yue)大，交叉補貼(tie)越(yue)來越(yue)多(duo)。

煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)建設(she)(she)奠定(ding)了基礎。在主(zhu)流(liu)發電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)成(cheng)本回收(shou)機(ji)(ji)制中，容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)是最具(ju)有市(shi)場(chang)(chang)特征的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)。它以(yi)競爭(zheng)方式(shi)形(xing)成(cheng)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)價(jia)格，并(bing)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)競爭(zheng)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要組(zu)成(cheng)部(bu)分。然而，容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)計較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)復雜，特別是對于(yu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)需(xu)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)準確預測要求較(jiao)高(gao)。相(xiang)比之下(xia)，容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)補償(chang)(chang)(chang)機(ji)(ji)制是對發電(dian)(dian)企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)投資(zi)進行直(zhi)接補償(chang)(chang)(chang)，通過設(she)(she)定(ding)相(xiang)對穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)投資(zi)主(zhu)體提供穩定(ding)預期，降低(di)建設(she)(she)難度和風(feng)險，易(yi)于(yu)實(shi)施(shi)。我(wo)國出臺的(de)(de)(de)(de)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)屬于(yu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)補償(chang)(chang)(chang)機(ji)(ji)制，通過行政(zheng)方式(shi)確定(ding)，雖然能(neng)夠保障容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)價(jia)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)長期穩定(ding)，但也存在市(shi)場(chang)(chang)化程度不(bu)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)，因此被視(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一項過渡性(xing)機(ji)(ji)制。隨著我(wo)國市(shi)場(chang)(chang)化程度的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷提高(gao)，各(ge)類型機(ji)(ji)組(zu)相(xiang)繼入(ru)市(shi)，容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)(ji)制也將覆蓋各(ge)類型機(ji)(ji)組(zu)。不(bu)同類型機(ji)(ji)組(zu)按照“同質同價(jia)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)原則(ze)公平競爭(zheng)，使得容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)價(jia)值更加符合系統需(xu)要，為(wei)(wei)(wei)后(hou)續競爭(zheng)性(xing)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開設(she)(she)奠定(ding)堅實(shi)基礎。