在(zai)全(quan)球氣候治理格局深(shen)度(du)重構的(de)(de)背景下，“綠電直(zhi)連”作為(wei)破解能源轉型(xing)與碳(tan)關(guan)稅壁壘雙重挑戰的(de)(de)制度(du)創新，逐漸進入人(ren)們的(de)(de)視野。國家(jia)(jia)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)改革委、國家(jia)(jia)能源局印(yin)發(fa)《關(guan)于有(you)序(xu)推動綠電直(zhi)連發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)有(you)關(guan)事(shi)項的(de)(de)通(tong)知(zhi)》（以下簡稱《通(tong)知(zhi)》）開展(zhan)(zhan)綠電直(zhi)連試點項目，旨在(zai)提(ti)(ti)升清(qing)潔(jie)能源利用效率、提(ti)(ti)升綠電的(de)(de)物理屬性，這種創新模式將綠電消(xiao)費在(zai)時(shi)間精度(du)和發(fa)用電位置上的(de)(de)顆粒度(du)進一步提(ti)(ti)升，為(wei)全(quan)國新能源產(chan)業的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)提(ti)(ti)供了有(you)益(yi)的(de)(de)探索(suo)和借鑒。

從(cong)國際視角(jiao)來看，根據歐盟去年4月(yue)公布的(de)《新電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池法(fa)案》下的(de)碳足(zu)跡計算(suan)規則草(cao)案及(ji)各(ge)國對于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)直連的(de)概(gai)念(nian)，“連接(jie)獨立(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站點(dian)與獨立(li)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)之間(jian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)路，或連接(jie)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供應(ying)商(shang)直接(jie)為(wei)其自有場所、子公司及(ji)客戶(hu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)路”，“綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連”應(ying)是通過“拉專線(xian)”的(de)方(fang)式連接(jie)新能源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站與用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)。有意思的(de)是，在歐盟各(ge)國實踐(jian)中并未切斷(duan)與大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)聯(lian)系(xi)，根據美國國際開發署（USAID）統計，在(zai)歐(ou)盟已經展開(kai)綠電直連(lian)實踐的國家中(zhong)，拉脫維亞(ya)直連(lian)線路(lu)的用(yong)戶有權保持與系(xi)統的永(yong)久(jiu)連(lian)接作為(wei)備用(yong)，或者在(zai)用(yong)戶沒有安裝永(yong)久(jiu)連(lian)接的情況(kuang)下，要求系(xi)統運(yun)營商安裝備用(yong)連(lian)接。波蘭政府認為(wei)，將(jiang)“直連(lian)線路(lu)”的定義狹隘(ai)地理解為(wei)在(zai)孤(gu)島系(xi)統內(nei)運(yun)行，違(wei)反了歐(ou)盟指令。

中國方案展現出顯著的系統(tong)性優勢(shi)。一(yi)是制度創新：構建與國際規則兼(jian)容的本土化框架。在(zai)(zai)我國目前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統中（不含分(fen)布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)直接(jie)(jie)供(gong)(gong)應），幾(ji)乎全(quan)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)都(dou)是(shi)先連接(jie)(jie)到輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)再通(tong)過(guo)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)輸(shu)送給用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)，不同類型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)生產電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能上網(wang)(wang)(wang)后受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣規律(lv)和(he)基爾霍夫(fu)定律(lv)等影響，各種(zhong)類型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)“眾流歸源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”一(yi)(yi)樣混淆在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)起，用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)無(wu)法明確使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)由哪個發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠提(ti)供(gong)(gong)，也(ye)無(wu)法分(fen)辨用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)在(zai)(zai)某一(yi)(yi)瞬間使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)屬于(yu)哪種(zhong)類型。用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)與發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并不存在(zai)(zai)物(wu)理(li)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)可再生能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量生產消費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“可追溯”，“漂(piao)綠(lv)”帶來的(de)(de)(de)(de)道德問題(ti)，引發(fa)(fa)諸多爭議。《通(tong)知》首次明確了綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連的(de)(de)(de)(de)定義，“指風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、生物(wu)質發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等新能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不直接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)入公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，通(tong)過(guo)直連線路向單一(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)供(gong)(gong)給綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可實現供(gong)(gong)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量清晰物(wu)理(li)溯源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模式”。同時按照負荷是(shi)否(fou)接(jie)(jie)入公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)分(fen)為(wei)并網(wang)(wang)(wang)型和(he)離(li)網(wang)(wang)(wang)型兩(liang)類。并網(wang)(wang)(wang)型項目作為(wei)整體接(jie)(jie)入公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，與公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)形成清晰的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理(li)界(jie)面與責(ze)任界(jie)面，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)應接(jie)(jie)入用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)和(he)公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)產權分(fen)界(jie)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側。這一(yi)(yi)制(zhi)度設計既回應了歐盟對(dui)綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連的(de)(de)(de)(de)強制(zhi)要求，也(ye)創新性地界(jie)定了“安全(quan)責(ze)任界(jie)面”，通(tong)過(guo)產權分(fen)界(jie)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理(li)切割的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式，創造了“物(wu)理(li)隔離(li)+市(shi)(shi)場(chang)聯通”的雙軌機制(zhi)，既保障了公共電(dian)(dian)網安全穩定運行，又賦予市(shi)(shi)場(chang)主(zhu)體更大的自主(zhu)權，將電(dian)(dian)力從“通用商品”升(sheng)級為“低(di)碳(tan)通行證”。

二是回歸(gui)了分布式光伏發(fa)電的(de)初(chu)心(xin)和本源。長久(jiu)以來，綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)沒有參(can)與現貨的(de)結算，綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)簽(qian)約雙(shuang)方(fang)也沒有在(zai)合(he)(he)同(tong)中約定結算參(can)考點及平衡責任(ren)承擔(dan)方(fang)等內容，綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)合(he)(he)同(tong)對應的(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)及用戶均未承擔(dan)相關責任(ren)。《通知》突破傳統綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)交(jiao)易(yi)“證書(shu)虛(xu)擬(ni)交(jiao)割”模式，首創(chuang)“物理直連+市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)結(jie)算”雙輪驅動，并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)型項(xiang)目應(ying)按(an)照(zhao)(zhao)“以(yi)荷(he)定源(yuan)”，現(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)連續運行地區(qu)可采取整體自發自用為(wei)(wei)主，余電(dian)(dian)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)為(wei)(wei)輔(fu)的(de)模式(shi)；現(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)未連續運行地區(qu)，不(bu)允許向(xiang)公(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)反(fan)送(song)。同(tong)時，在交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)方面，并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)型綠電(dian)(dian)直連項(xiang)目享平(ping)等的(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)地位，按(an)照(zhao)(zhao)《電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)注冊(ce)基本(ben)規則》進行注冊(ce)，原(yuan)則上(shang)應(ying)作為(wei)(wei)整體參(can)與電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)，根據市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)結(jie)果安排生產，并(bing)按(an)照(zhao)(zhao)與公(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)換功(gong)率進行結(jie)算。項(xiang)目負荷(he)不(bu)得由電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)企業代理(li)購電(dian)(dian)。《通(tong)知》為(wei)(wei)源(yuan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)荷(he)儲參(can)與市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)開辟了新路徑(jing)，這既落實了《分布(bu)式(shi)光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)開發建設(she)管理(li)辦法》的(de)改革(ge)要求，又(you)實現(xian)了《關(guan)于深化(hua)新能源(yuan)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)價市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)改革(ge) 促(cu)進新能源(yuan)高(gao)質量(liang)發展的(de)通(tong)知》中(zhong)新能源(yuan)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)原(yuan)則上(shang)全部進入電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)政策目標。

三是加強組織保障、創新(xin)發展模式。風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)間(jian)歇性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源，給“綠(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)(lian)”用戶(hu)的連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)性和穩定性帶來挑戰。《通(tong)知(zhi)》要求(qiu)(qiu)，并網(wang)型(xing)綠(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)(lian)項目應(ying)通(tong)過合(he)理配置儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、挖掘(jue)負荷(he)靈活調節潛力等(deng)方式(shi)，充分提升項目靈活性調節能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力，盡可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)減少系(xi)統(tong)調節壓(ya)力。《通(tong)知(zhi)》明確(que)，綠(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)(lian)項目原則上(shang)由(you)負荷(he)作為(wei)主(zhu)責單位(wei)。項目電(dian)源可(ke)由(you)負荷(he)投資(zi)(zi)，直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)(lian)專(zhuan)線(xian)原則上(shang)應(ying)由(you)負荷(he)、電(dian)源主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)投資(zi)(zi)。為(wei)破解(jie)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源波(bo)動性與(yu)(yu)工業連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)生產(chan)的矛盾，《通(tong)知(zhi)》一方面(mian)要求(qiu)(qiu)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)(lian)項目投資(zi)(zi)者承擔專(zhuan)線(xian)建設(she)成本，通(tong)過收益(yi)與(yu)(yu)成本的市場(chang)化(hua)平衡激發(fa)投資(zi)(zi)活力；另一方面(mian)，明確(que)鼓勵用戶(hu)提升系(xi)統(tong)友好性，避免因“搭便車”導(dao)致公共電(dian)網(wang)負擔轉(zhuan)嫁。為(wei)保(bao)證(zheng)系(xi)統(tong)安全，《通(tong)知(zhi)》進(jin)行了相關規范(fan)，進(jin)一步細(xi)化(hua)上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)量比(bi)例(li)、退出(chu)機制等(deng)具體(ti)(ti)要求(qiu)(qiu)，引(yin)導(dao)項目科學合(he)理評估需求(qiu)(qiu)，避免出(chu)現(xian)實際運行與(yu)(yu)設(she)計方案(an)出(chu)現(xian)較(jiao)大偏差、新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源消納(na)不及(ji)預期(qi)等(deng)情況。

“綠(lv)電(dian)直連”雖然(ran)(ran)是(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)領(ling)域的(de)(de)(de)創新之舉，具有廣闊(kuo)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展前(qian)景(jing)，但用戶不僅要(yao)承擔建設成本，還要(yao)面(mian)臨(lin)市(shi)場(chang)交易(yi)與收益的(de)(de)(de)不確(que)定性(xing)，綠(lv)電(dian)直連在推進(jin)過程中面(mian)臨(lin)著安全(quan)、經濟(ji)(ji)、技(ji)術(shu)等(deng)多重風(feng)險(xian)。必(bi)須要(yao)看到，電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)本身就是(shi)最(zui)大的(de)(de)(de)網(wang)源(yuan)荷(he)儲系(xi)統(tong)，“綠(lv)電(dian)直連”形成的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)系(xi)統(tong)，在可靠性(xing)相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提下，必(bi)然(ran)(ran)經濟(ji)(ji)性(xing)低(di)于大系(xi)統(tong)，因此(ci)減(jian)少對(dui)于大系(xi)統(tong)依賴(lai)、自由選(xuan)擇可靠性(xing)是(shi)小(xiao)系(xi)統(tong)獲(huo)得相對(dui)經濟(ji)(ji)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)必(bi)然(ran)(ran)選(xuan)擇。《通知(zhi)》不失(shi)為一次迎難而上的(de)(de)(de)試水，以“綠(lv)電(dian)直連”試點為契機，凝聚政府、企(qi)業(ye)和(he)科研(yan)機構(gou)等(deng)各方合力，加大技(ji)術(shu)研(yan)發(fa)投入，完善(shan)市(shi)場(chang)機制和(he)監管體系(xi)，為清(qing)潔能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)高效利(li)用開辟新道路。（華能(neng)集團(tuan)能(neng)源(yuan)研(yan)究院副院長 陳大宇）