在全球氣候(hou)治理格局(ju)深(shen)度(du)(du)重構的(de)(de)(de)背景下，“綠(lv)電直連(lian)”作(zuo)為(wei)破解(jie)能(neng)源轉型與碳關稅壁壘雙(shuang)重挑戰的(de)(de)(de)制度(du)(du)創新(xin)，逐漸(jian)進(jin)(jin)入人(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)視野(ye)。國家發(fa)展(zhan)改(gai)革委、國家能(neng)源局(ju)印發(fa)《關于有序推動綠(lv)電直連(lian)發(fa)展(zhan)有關事項(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)知》（以(yi)下簡稱《通(tong)(tong)知》）開展(zhan)綠(lv)電直連(lian)試點項(xiang)目(mu)，旨在提升(sheng)(sheng)清潔能(neng)源利用(yong)效率、提升(sheng)(sheng)綠(lv)電的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理屬性，這種創新(xin)模式將綠(lv)電消費(fei)在時間精度(du)(du)和發(fa)用(yong)電位置上的(de)(de)(de)顆粒度(du)(du)進(jin)(jin)一步(bu)提升(sheng)(sheng)，為(wei)全國新(xin)能(neng)源產業的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)提供了有益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)探索和借鑒。

從國際視角來(lai)看，根(gen)據歐(ou)盟(meng)去年4月公布(bu)的(de)《新電(dian)(dian)池法案》下(xia)的(de)碳足(zu)跡計(ji)算規則草(cao)案及各國(guo)對于電(dian)(dian)力(li)直(zhi)連(lian)的(de)概念，“連(lian)接(jie)獨立(li)(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)站點與(yu)獨立(li)(li)用戶(hu)(hu)之間的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)(xian)路，或連(lian)接(jie)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)企業與(yu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應商直(zhi)接(jie)為其自有(you)場所、子公司及客戶(hu)(hu)供電(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)(xian)路”，“綠電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)”應是(shi)(shi)通過(guo)“拉專(zhuan)線(xian)(xian)”的(de)方式(shi)連(lian)接(jie)新能源電(dian)(dian)站與(yu)用戶(hu)(hu)。有(you)意(yi)思的(de)是(shi)(shi)，在歐(ou)盟各國(guo)實踐中并(bing)未切斷(duan)與(yu)大電(dian)(dian)網的(de)聯系(xi)，根據美國(guo)國(guo)際開發(fa)署（USAID）統(tong)(tong)計(ji)，在(zai)歐盟已(yi)經展開綠電直連實踐的(de)(de)國家中，拉脫維亞直連線(xian)路的(de)(de)用(yong)戶有權保持與系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)永久連接作為備(bei)用(yong)，或者在(zai)用(yong)戶沒有安(an)裝永久連接的(de)(de)情況下，要(yao)求系(xi)統(tong)(tong)運營商安(an)裝備(bei)用(yong)連接。波蘭政府(fu)認為，將“直連線(xian)路”的(de)(de)定義(yi)狹隘地理(li)解(jie)為在(zai)孤島系(xi)統(tong)(tong)內運行(xing)，違反了(le)歐盟指令(ling)。

中國方案展(zhan)現出顯(xian)著的系統性(xing)優勢。一是制度創(chuang)新：構建與國際規則兼容的本(ben)土化框架(jia)。在我國目前電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統中（不含分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)供(gong)(gong)應），幾乎全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)都是先連接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)到輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)再通過(guo)(guo)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)輸送給用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)，不同類型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)生(sheng)產電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)后受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣規律和(he)基爾霍夫定(ding)(ding)律等影響，各(ge)種類型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)“眾流歸源(yuan)(yuan)”一(yi)樣混淆在一(yi)起(qi)，用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)無(wu)法明確使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)由哪(na)個發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠提供(gong)(gong)，也無(wu)法分(fen)(fen)辨用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)在某一(yi)瞬間使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)屬(shu)于哪(na)種類型(xing)。用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)與(yu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)并不存在物(wu)理(li)(li)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可再生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量生(sheng)產消費的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“可追溯”，“漂綠”帶(dai)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道德問題，引發(fa)諸多爭(zheng)議(yi)。《通知》首(shou)次明確了(le)綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)義(yi)，“指風電(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽能(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、生(sheng)物(wu)質發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)等新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)不直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)，通過(guo)(guo)直(zhi)(zhi)連線路(lu)向單一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)供(gong)(gong)給綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)，可實現供(gong)(gong)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)量清晰物(wu)理(li)(li)溯源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模式(shi)”。同時按照負荷是否(fou)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)并網(wang)(wang)型(xing)和(he)離(li)網(wang)(wang)型(xing)兩類。并網(wang)(wang)型(xing)項目作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)整體接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)，與(yu)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)形成(cheng)清晰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理(li)(li)界面(mian)與(yu)責(ze)任(ren)界面(mian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)應接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)和(he)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)產權(quan)分(fen)(fen)界點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)側。這(zhe)一(yi)制度(du)設計既回應了(le)歐盟對(dui)綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)制要求，也創(chuang)新性地界定(ding)(ding)了(le)“安全責(ze)任(ren)界面(mian)”，通過(guo)(guo)產權(quan)分(fen)(fen)界點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理(li)(li)切割的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)，創(chuang)造(zao)了(le)“物(wu)理(li)(li)隔離(li)+市(shi)場聯通”的雙軌機制，既保障(zhang)了公共電網安全穩定運(yun)行，又賦予市(shi)場主(zhu)體更大的自主(zhu)權，將電力(li)從“通用商(shang)品”升級為“低碳通行證”。

二是(shi)回歸了(le)分布式光(guang)伏發電(dian)的初心和本源。長久以來，綠電沒有參與(yu)現貨(huo)的(de)結算，綠電簽約(yue)雙方(fang)也沒有在合同中約(yue)定結算參考(kao)點及平(ping)衡責任(ren)承擔方(fang)等內容(rong)，綠電合同對應(ying)的(de)發電及用戶均未承擔相關責任(ren)。《通(tong)知》突破傳統綠電交(jiao)易(yi)“證書(shu)虛擬交(jiao)割”模(mo)式，首創“物(wu)理直連+市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)結(jie)算(suan)”雙(shuang)輪(lun)驅動，并(bing)(bing)網(wang)型項(xiang)目應(ying)按照“以荷(he)定源”，現貨市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)連(lian)續運行(xing)地(di)區可采取整(zheng)體(ti)自發(fa)自用為(wei)主，余電(dian)(dian)(dian)上網(wang)為(wei)輔的(de)模式(shi)；現貨市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)未連(lian)續運行(xing)地(di)區，不(bu)允許向(xiang)公共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)反送。同時，在(zai)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，并(bing)(bing)網(wang)型綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)直連(lian)項(xiang)目享平(ping)等的(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)地(di)位，按照《電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)注冊基本規則》進(jin)行(xing)注冊，原則上應(ying)作(zuo)為(wei)整(zheng)體(ti)參與電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)，根據市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)結(jie)果(guo)安排生產，并(bing)(bing)按照與公共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)換功(gong)率(lv)進(jin)行(xing)結(jie)算(suan)。項(xiang)目負(fu)荷(he)不(bu)得由電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企(qi)業代理(li)購電(dian)(dian)(dian)。《通知》為(wei)源網(wang)荷(he)儲參與市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)開辟(pi)了(le)新路(lu)徑，這既(ji)落實了(le)《分布式(shi)光伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)開發(fa)建(jian)設管理(li)辦法》的(de)改革要求，又實現了(le)《關于深化(hua)新能源上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)改革 促進(jin)新能源高質量發(fa)展的(de)通知》中新能源上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量原則上全部(bu)進(jin)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)政(zheng)策目標。

三是加強組織(zhi)保障(zhang)、創(chuang)新發展模(mo)式。風能(neng)、太(tai)陽能(neng)等間歇性(xing)能(neng)源，給“綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)直連(lian)”用戶的連(lian)續性(xing)和穩定性(xing)帶來挑戰(zhan)。《通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)》要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，并網型綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)直連(lian)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)應通(tong)(tong)過合理配置儲能(neng)、挖掘負(fu)荷靈活調節潛力等方(fang)(fang)式，充(chong)分提(ti)(ti)升項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)靈活性(xing)調節能(neng)力，盡可能(neng)減少系(xi)統調節壓(ya)力。《通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)》明(ming)確，綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)直連(lian)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)原則(ze)(ze)上(shang)由負(fu)荷作為主(zhu)責單位。項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源可由負(fu)荷投(tou)資(zi)，直連(lian)專線原則(ze)(ze)上(shang)應由負(fu)荷、電(dian)(dian)(dian)源主(zhu)體(ti)投(tou)資(zi)。為破解新能(neng)源波動性(xing)與工業連(lian)續生產的矛盾，《通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)》一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)直連(lian)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)投(tou)資(zi)者承擔(dan)專線建設(she)成(cheng)(cheng)本，通(tong)(tong)過收益與成(cheng)(cheng)本的市場化平衡激發(fa)投(tou)資(zi)活力；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面，明(ming)確鼓勵用戶提(ti)(ti)升系(xi)統友好性(xing)，避免因“搭便(bian)車”導致公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)網負(fu)擔(dan)轉(zhuan)嫁。為保(bao)證系(xi)統安(an)全，《通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)》進行了相關(guan)規范，進一(yi)(yi)步細化上(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)量比例、退(tui)出(chu)機制(zhi)等具體(ti)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，引(yin)導項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)科學合理評估需求(qiu)(qiu)，避免出(chu)現(xian)實(shi)際運行與設(she)計方(fang)(fang)案出(chu)現(xian)較大偏(pian)差、新能(neng)源消納不及預(yu)期(qi)等情況。

“綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)”雖然(ran)是能(neng)源(yuan)領域的(de)(de)創新(xin)之舉，具有(you)廣闊的(de)(de)發(fa)展前景(jing)，但(dan)用戶不僅要承(cheng)擔建(jian)設成本，還(huan)要面臨(lin)市場(chang)(chang)交易與收(shou)益的(de)(de)不確(que)定(ding)性(xing)，綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)在(zai)推(tui)進過程(cheng)中面臨(lin)著安全、經(jing)濟(ji)、技(ji)(ji)術等多重風險。必須要看到，電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)本身就是最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)網源(yuan)荷(he)儲(chu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，“綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)”形成的(de)(de)小系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，在(zai)可(ke)靠性(xing)相同的(de)(de)前提下，必然(ran)經(jing)濟(ji)性(xing)低于(yu)大(da)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，因此減少對于(yu)大(da)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)依賴、自由(you)選擇可(ke)靠性(xing)是小系(xi)(xi)統(tong)獲得相對經(jing)濟(ji)性(xing)的(de)(de)必然(ran)選擇。《通知》不失為(wei)一次迎難而上的(de)(de)試(shi)水，以“綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)”試(shi)點為(wei)契機(ji)，凝聚政府、企業和(he)科研機(ji)構等各方合力(li)，加(jia)大(da)技(ji)(ji)術研發(fa)投入(ru)，完(wan)善市場(chang)(chang)機(ji)制(zhi)和(he)監管(guan)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)，為(wei)清潔能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)高效利用開(kai)辟新(xin)道路。（華(hua)能(neng)集團能(neng)源(yuan)研究院(yuan)副院(yuan)長 陳大(da)宇）