為貫徹落實黨中央、國務院關于加快構建新型電力系統的決策部署，更好保障電力安全穩定供應，推動新能源加快發展和能源綠色低碳轉型，近日國家發展改革委、國家能源局聯合印發《關于建立煤電容量電價機制的通知》（發改價格〔2023〕1501號）（以下簡稱《通知》），決定自2024年1月1日起建立煤電容量電價機制，對煤電實行兩部制電價政策。煤電(dian)容量電(dian)價(jia)(jia)機制的建立(li)，有(you)利于推(tui)動煤電(dian)向(xiang)基礎保障性和系統調節性電(dian)源并重(zhong)為(wei)主轉型(xing)，標志著新(xin)型(xing)電(dian)力系統中體(ti)現電(dian)力多元價(jia)(jia)值的價(jia)(jia)格體(ti)系正在逐漸(jian)建立(li)。

來源：電聯新(xin)媒(mei) 作者：曾鳴 王永利(li)

為什么建立煤電容量電價機制

（一）發揮煤電基(ji)礎性支撐調節作用，推動能源綠(lv)色低碳轉型。

一直以來，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)機組(zu)是我國大部(bu)分(fen)地區的基礎(chu)保障性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)源，提(ti)(ti)供了60%以上(shang)的電(dian)(dian)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)供應。在“雙碳(tan)”目(mu)標背(bei)景下(xia)，隨(sui)著我國能(neng)源綠(lv)色(se)低碳(tan)轉型(xing)的逐(zhu)步深化(hua)，新(xin)能(neng)源裝機和發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)占比穩步提(ti)(ti)升，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)機組(zu)利(li)(li)用(yong)小時數下(xia)降趨勢明顯，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)機組(zu)正逐(zhu)步向基礎(chu)保障性(xing)(xing)和系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)調節性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)源并重(zhong)為(wei)主轉型(xing)，集中反映(ying)在年發電(dian)(dian)利(li)(li)用(yong)小時數的下(xia)降和機組(zu)運(yun)行方式(shi)的改變。容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制體現煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)機組(zu)提(ti)(ti)供系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)可用(yong)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)價(jia)值(zhi)，在價(jia)格形成(cheng)機制上(shang)反映(ying)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)機組(zu)功能(neng)轉型(xing)，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)調節能(neng)力，保障電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)長(chang)期(qi)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)充裕性(xing)(xing)，促進清潔(jie)能(neng)源消納，推動能(neng)源綠(lv)色(se)低碳(tan)轉型(xing)。

（二(er)）滿足新型電力(li)系統建設快速推進的需要，持續完(wan)善市場價格體系。

由于電力(li)產(chan)品(pin)的(de)特殊(shu)性(xing)，如實時平(ping)衡(heng)需求、缺(que)乏大(da)規模經濟儲存和(he)(he)缺(que)乏需求彈性(xing)等(deng)，電力(li)市(shi)場無法自(zi)發形(xing)成有序運(yun)轉(zhuan)和(he)(he)公平(ping)合(he)理的(de)價(jia)格體系。因此，政(zheng)府(fu)需要采取(qu)必要措施來確保電力(li)市(shi)場競爭(zheng)充分，價(jia)格形(xing)成合(he)理，電力(li)供應(ying)可靠(kao)。

在我國，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)建設正在穩步推(tui)進(jin)(jin)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力現(xian)(xian)(xian)貨(huo)市場(chang)采(cai)用系統(tong)、區域或節點(dian)短期(qi)邊(bian)際(ji)成(cheng)本(ben)定價(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)，這(zhe)種機(ji)制(zhi)能(neng)夠有(you)效(xiao)激(ji)勵發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業，根據其發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變動(dong)成(cheng)本(ben)報價(jia)實現(xian)(xian)(xian)經濟(ji)調度，促進(jin)(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)的(de)(de)低(di)碳和經濟(ji)運行。然而，這(zhe)種機(ji)制(zhi)并不(bu)能(neng)完全解決煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組固定成(cheng)本(ben)回(hui)(hui)收的(de)(de)問題(ti)。因此，建立(li)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)，通過容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)回(hui)(hui)收部分(fen)或全部固定成(cheng)本(ben)，具有(you)重要的(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)實意(yi)義。這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)舉措可(ke)以充分(fen)發(fa)揮(hui)政府定價(jia)的(de)(de)作用，填(tian)補我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)體系中容量(liang)(liang)機(ji)制(zhi)設計的(de)(de)空白，建立(li)覆(fu)蓋我國主要有(you)效(xiao)容量(liang)(liang)來源的(de)(de)容量(liang)(liang)機(ji)制(zhi)，滿足我國健全多層次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)體系的(de)(de)需求。

（三）地方容量機制的優化(hua)與拓(tuo)展，各國(guo)低碳轉型(xing)“殊(shu)途同歸”的選擇(ze)。

之前，山東、云南等省份已開展煤電容量電價的探索。2020年，山東發布《山東省電力現貨市場交易規則（試行）》，提出以容量補償方式回收發電機組固定成本，補償標準0.0991元/千瓦時，補償費用的來源為用戶側支付的容量補償電價。2022年12月，云南省發改委發布《云南省燃煤發電市場化改革實施方案（試行）》，規定煤電企業最大發電能力和最小發電能力之間的可調節空間參與調節容量市場交易，并按照各類電源、用戶對調節能力和系統容量的不同需求，差異化分攤調節容量成本。隨著全球能源低碳轉型腳步的加快，歐美等成熟電力市場認識到，容量機制有利于加強電力系統可靠性。2023年10月，美國PJM提交了容量市場改革提案，保證容量充裕性，以面對越來越嚴重的極端天氣與發電結構的不斷變化，同時歐盟認為容量機制在能源轉型過程中發揮了重要作用，同意延長容量機制至2028年12月。因此，容量電價機制(zhi)的出臺既是(shi)我國(guo)地方容量機制(zhi)的優化與拓(tuo)展，也(ye)是(shi)各國(guo)低碳轉型“殊(shu)途同(tong)歸”的選擇。

煤電(dian)容(rong)量電(dian)價機(ji)制的主要內容(rong)

（一）明確容量電價(jia)補償范圍(wei)，執行統一機組固定(ding)成本。

《通(tong)知》明(ming)確容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)實施范圍(wei)為合(he)規在運的公(gong)用煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組，燃煤自備電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠、不(bu)(bu)符(fu)合(he)國家(jia)規劃的煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組，以及不(bu)(bu)滿足國家(jia)對于能(neng)耗(hao)、環(huan)保和靈活(huo)調(diao)節能(neng)力(li)等要求的煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組，不(bu)(bu)執行容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)。上(shang)述適用范圍(wei)完(wan)全(quan)契(qi)合(he)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)的本質，即容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)是針對在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統中能(neng)夠提供有效容量(liang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，得(de)到容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)就(jiu)意(yi)味著(zhu)需要按要求履行容量(liang)義務。

同(tong)時《通知》明確用于計算容(rong)量電(dian)價的煤電(dian)機(ji)(ji)組固定(ding)成本主(zhu)要包(bao)括折舊費(fei)、財(cai)務費(fei)、人工費(fei)、修理(li)費(fei)等，實(shi)行全(quan)(quan)國統(tong)(tong)一標(biao)(biao)準，為每年每千瓦330元。這樣安排，一方面(mian)煤電(dian)機(ji)(ji)組固定(ding)成本地區差異(yi)總體較小，不同(tong)類型機(ji)(ji)組之(zhi)間差異(yi)也有限(xian)，具備(bei)全(quan)(quan)國實(shi)行統(tong)(tong)一標(biao)(biao)準的基礎，較好地統(tong)(tong)籌(chou)了(le)可操(cao)作性和(he)實(shi)際(ji)情況；另一方面(mian)也充(chong)分體現了(le)價格上限(xian)管制的思想，特(te)別是百(bai)萬千瓦級先(xian)進煤電(dian)機(ji)(ji)組固定(ding)成本略低于全(quan)(quan)國統(tong)(tong)一標(biao)(biao)準，單位煤耗大幅降(jiang)低，發電(dian)效益相對更高，可激勵市場主(zhu)體自主(zhu)優化擴(kuo)建(jian)技(ji)術方案，降(jiang)低建(jian)設運營成本，樹立了(le)煤電(dian)發展新標(biao)(biao)桿。

（二）回收(shou)比例(li)兼顧時空差異，因地制宜確定容量(liang)補(bu)償。

《通(tong)知(zhi)》分(fen)別規定(ding)(ding)了不同比(bi)例的容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)。2024—2025年對云南(nan)、四川、河(he)南(nan)、重(zhong)慶、青海、廣西、湖南(nan)等7個轉型(xing)速度(du)較快(kuai)的地區，按照50%容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)（165元/千瓦）執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)，2026年起(qi)容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)回(hui)收固定(ding)(ding)成本的比(bi)例不低于70%；對于其(qi)他地區，則(ze)按照30%容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)水平（100元/千瓦）執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)，2026年通(tong)過(guo)容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)回(hui)收固定(ding)(ding)成本的比(bi)例不低于50%。《通(tong)知(zhi)》以多(duo)數地區30%回(hui)收比(bi)例起(qi)步(bu)、先(xian)行(xing)(xing)建立容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機制，有利于充分(fen)釋放政策信號(hao)，給相關煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)主體(ti)吃下“定(ding)(ding)心丸(wan)”，穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)(xing)業發展(zhan)預期，實施過(guo)程中(zhong)逐步(bu)向50%比(bi)例過(guo)渡(du)銜接，以時間換取空(kong)間、確保政策實施效果。

通過充分(fen)考慮(lv)新型能源(yuan)體系(xi)中各(ge)地(di)煤電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組轉型進(jin)度的客觀(guan)情(qing)況(kuang)，同(tong)時又兼(jian)顧各(ge)地(di)差異化實際(ji)情(qing)況(kuang)，因地(di)制(zhi)宜提出現階段(duan)各(ge)地(di)不(bu)同(tong)的容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)，建立全國統一(yi)的容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)標(biao)準(zhun)，有利于初期政策(ce)落地(di)和執行到位。

（三(san)）按照(zhao)“誰(shui)受益、誰(shui)承擔”原則，明確分攤(tan)、扣減和退出(chu)機制(zhi)。

《通知》指出，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)可(ke)獲得(de)的(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)，根據當地煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)和機組(zu)申報的(de)最大出力確定，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)分月(yue)申報，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網企業(ye)(ye)按月(yue)結算(suan)。新建煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)自投運次(ci)月(yue)起(qi)執行煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制。各地煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)納(na)入(ru)系統(tong)運行費(fei)(fei)用，每月(yue)由工商業(ye)(ye)用戶(hu)按當月(yue)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量比例分攤(tan)，由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網企業(ye)(ye)按月(yue)發布(bu)、滾動(dong)清算(suan)。全體(ti)工商業(ye)(ye)用戶(hu)作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力的(de)最終消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)者承擔容(rong)(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)，體(ti)現(xian)了煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)是(shi)為(wei)整個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)提供長期、穩定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應，以及激勵(li)和引(yin)導有效容(rong)(rong)(rong)量投資而建立的(de)，為(wei)將(jiang)來更好統(tong)一、合理疏(shu)導各類(lei)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)奠定了非常好的(de)基礎。

《通知(zhi)》指出(chu)對納(na)入受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)份電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)平衡(heng)的跨(kua)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)跨(kua)區外送煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組，其容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費按(an)受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)標準確(que)定，并(bing)由受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)用戶承擔(dan)，若涉及多個(ge)送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)向，那么可(ke)按(an)照分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比(bi)例或送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)(liang)比(bi)例分攤；除配(pei)套煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組之外但同樣納(na)入受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)平衡(heng)的煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組，它不是專門為一個(ge)或多個(ge)受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)提供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)的，而是部(bu)分外送、部(bu)分支撐本地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)，需要由送受(shou)雙方(fang)按(an)照一定比(bi)例對容量(liang)(liang)進(jin)(jin)行分配(pei)。因此對跨(kua)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)跨(kua)區煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組實施容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價，相當于“鎖定”了煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組的這(zhe)部(bu)分容量(liang)(liang)，未來在簽訂跨(kua)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)跨(kua)區中(zhong)長期合(he)約(yue)時(shi)，不僅需要明確(que)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價，受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)應(ying)(ying)當按(an)照容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價分攤情況，約(yue)定高峰時(shi)段電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力保障要求，進(jin)(jin)一步理順跨(kua)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)跨(kua)區送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機制、規范跨(kua)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)跨(kua)區送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)長期合(he)約(yue)。

《通知》明(ming)確，煤電機(ji)組如無法按(an)照調度指令提供(gong)所申報的(de)最大出(chu)力(li)情(qing)況(kuang)，其容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電費(fei)將根據不同情(qing)況(kuang)扣減。對自然年(nian)內月容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電費(fei)全(quan)部扣減累計發生(sheng)三(san)次的(de)煤電機(ji)組，取(qu)消其獲(huo)取(qu)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電費(fei)的(de)資格。考核機(ji)制的(de)建立，有效(xiao)遏(e)制了煤電企業(ye)獲(huo)得(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電費(fei)后可(ke)能出(chu)現(xian)的(de)“躺平”現(xian)象，將有利于激勵機(ji)組提升(sheng)設備(bei)可(ke)靠(kao)性，確保煤電機(ji)組按(an)要求履行容(rong)量(liang)(liang)義務，從而保障電力(li)供(gong)應。

煤電容量電價機制的前進方向

（一）建立(li)涵(han)蓋各類型(xing)電(dian)源的容量市(shi)場機制

從國(guo)際經(jing)驗來看，容(rong)量成(cheng)本(ben)回收(shou)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)主要有幾種形式(shi)：容(rong)量市場(chang)(chang)、稀缺(que)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價、容(rong)量補償機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)、戰略備用(yong)。其中，容(rong)量市場(chang)(chang)是最具有市場(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)特征的(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)，但市場(chang)(chang)設計較為復雜，特別是對于(yu)容(rong)量需(xu)求(qiu)確(que)定(ding)的(de)(de)預測(ce)準確(que)性要求(qiu)比較高(gao)；容(rong)量補償機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)建設難度(du)和風險較低，容(rong)易實施；稀缺(que)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價由于(yu)需(xu)要對批(pi)發(fa)市場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價有較高(gao)的(de)(de)承(cheng)受能力(li)，且價格波動風險較大，不(bu)適用(yong)于(yu)我國(guo)；戰略備用(yong)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)未來可根(gen)據應(ying)急備用(yong)容(rong)量的(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)單獨設計。綜(zong)上，現階(jie)段我國(guo)在《通知》中提出采用(yong)較為穩妥的(de)(de)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價方(fang)式(shi)確(que)定(ding)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)回收(shou)的(de)(de)固定(ding)成(cheng)本(ben)，我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)(chang)體系(xi)實現了閉環，市場(chang)(chang)體系(xi)愈發(fa)完整，未來通過建立容(rong)量市場(chang)(chang)，涵蓋各類(lei)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)、以(yi)科(ke)學的(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)確(que)定(ding)容(rong)量需(xu)求(qiu)、以(yi)更加(jia)市場(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)確(que)定(ding)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價將是必然趨勢。

（二）建立考慮(lv)煤電(dian)利用(yong)小時的精細化(hua)補償比例

合理(li)確(que)定(ding)(ding)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)回收固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)成(cheng)(cheng)本比(bi)(bi)例是容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)方案設計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵一(yi)環。定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)低(di)了，可能(neng)對煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)補(bu)償(chang)力度(du)不夠(gou)，難以有效(xiao)激勵煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)投(tou)資擴建；定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)高了，煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)量(liang)市場中的(de)(de)(de)報價(jia)(jia)會顯著下(xia)降(jiang)，拉低(di)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)未出(chu)臺容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機(ji)(ji)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源品類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)格，影響(xiang)其平穩健康運行。同時，各(ge)地煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)年發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)利(li)(li)用小(xiao)時數存在(zai)較大差(cha)(cha)異，煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)功能(neng)轉(zhuan)型進程不一(yi)，不宜“一(yi)刀切”確(que)定(ding)(ding)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)水平。因此，未來在(zai)進一(yi)步確(que)定(ding)(ding)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)回收固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)成(cheng)(cheng)本比(bi)(bi)例時，需(xu)要(yao)考慮煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)細分特性(xing)、煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)利(li)(li)用小(xiao)時等(deng)個(ge)體差(cha)(cha)異以及單(dan)個(ge)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)技術運行特點(dian)，建立更加(jia)符合各(ge)地煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實際(ji)情況的(de)(de)(de)分類(lei)分檔精細化補(bu)償(chang)比(bi)(bi)例，進一(yi)步加(jia)快(kuai)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實現功能(neng)轉(zhuan)型。

（三）建立應急備用(yong)煤電機組容量電價機制(zhi)

各地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)對(dui)(dui)支撐調節(jie)能(neng)(neng)力(li)需求不(bu)同(tong)，煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功能(neng)(neng)轉型進度(du)差異(yi)也較大(da)。有(you)的(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)等(deng)可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)比重較大(da)，煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)主要發(fa)揮支撐調節(jie)作用；有(you)的(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)則仍是主力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，在(zai)提供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量方(fang)面都是“頂(ding)梁柱”。為應(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)未來(lai)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高比例接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)后(hou)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)頻繁出現的(de)(de)“晚峰無(wu)光”“極熱(re)無(wu)風”等(deng)問題，國(guo)家應(ying)(ying)積極推進應(ying)(ying)急備(bei)(bei)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)能(neng)(neng)力(li)建(jian)設，引導退役或臨近退役煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)“退而不(bu)拆(chai)”轉為應(ying)(ying)急備(bei)(bei)用，在(zai)運行方(fang)式(shi)和(he)成本構成上有(you)別(bie)于常規煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)，需配套建(jian)立應(ying)(ying)急備(bei)(bei)用煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)(ji)(ji)制，進一步(bu)明確應(ying)(ying)急備(bei)(bei)用煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)通過(guo)容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價回收(shou)的(de)(de)固(gu)定(ding)成本比例，保障煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)穩妥(tuo)有(you)序退出。煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)(ji)(ji)制與應(ying)(ying)急備(bei)(bei)用煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)(ji)(ji)制應(ying)(ying)協同(tong)配合，從根本上解決煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行業(ye)轉型問題。

（四）統籌(chou)各環節調節性(xing)資源(yuan)，明確煤電(dian)機組有效補償方案

在(zai)全(quan)國統(tong)一大市場(chang)(chang)發展背景(jing)下，以市場(chang)(chang)化手(shou)段激(ji)勵(li)我國能源系統(tong)各環節資(zi)(zi)源進行互動(dong)成(cheng)為了(le)現實，煤(mei)電不再是(shi)唯一的(de)安全(quan)性(xing)保障資(zi)(zi)源。因(yin)此(ci)，在(zai)開展煤(mei)電容量(liang)補償(chang)的(de)同時(shi)，還(huan)需要(yao)統(tong)籌考慮各環節調(diao)節性(xing)資(zi)(zi)源，分析各類資(zi)(zi)源的(de)有效(xiao)性(xing)與可靠(kao)性(xing)，以調(diao)節需求(qiu)為核心明確煤(mei)電機組(zu)安全(quan)保障剛性(xing)需求(qiu)量(liang)，針對(dui)高(gao)能效(xiao)、靈活(huo)性(xing)機組(zu)設定有針對(dui)性(xing)的(de)補償(chang)方(fang)案，避免全(quan)國“一刀切”。

本文系《中(zhong)國電力(li)企業(ye)管理》獨家稿(gao)件，作者供職于(yu)華(hua)北(bei)電力(li)大學(xue)能源互聯網研究中(zhong)心。