為貫徹落實黨中央、國務院關于加快構建新型電力系統的決策部署，更好保障電力安全穩定供應，推動新能源加快發展和能源綠色低碳轉型，近日國家發展改革委、國家能源局聯合印發《關于建立煤電容量電價機制的通知》（發改價格〔2023〕1501號）（以下簡稱《通知》），決定自2024年1月1日起建立煤電容量電價機制，對煤電實行兩部制電價政(zheng)策。煤電容(rong)量(liang)電價機制的(de)建立，有利于推動煤電向(xiang)基(ji)礎(chu)保障性(xing)和系統(tong)調節性(xing)電源并重為主(zhu)轉型，標志著新型電力(li)系統(tong)中體現電力(li)多元價值的(de)價格體系正(zheng)在逐漸建立。

來源(yuan)：電聯新媒 作者(zhe)：曾鳴(ming) 王(wang)永利

為什么建立煤電容量電價機制

（一）發揮煤(mei)電基礎(chu)性支撐(cheng)調節(jie)作用，推動能源(yuan)綠色(se)低碳轉型。

一直以(yi)來，煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組是我國(guo)大部分地區的(de)(de)基(ji)礎保(bao)障性(xing)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，提供(gong)了60%以(yi)上的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)供(gong)應。在“雙碳”目標背景下，隨著我國(guo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)綠色低(di)碳轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)逐(zhu)步深化，新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)裝(zhuang)機(ji)和發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)占比穩步提升，煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組利(li)用小(xiao)時數(shu)下降趨(qu)勢明(ming)顯(xian)，煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組正逐(zhu)步向基(ji)礎保(bao)障性(xing)和系統(tong)調(diao)節(jie)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)并重為(wei)主轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，集中反映在年發電(dian)(dian)利(li)用小(xiao)時數(shu)的(de)(de)下降和機(ji)組運(yun)行方式的(de)(de)改變。容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)制體現煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組提供(gong)系統(tong)可用容(rong)量(liang)價(jia)值，在價(jia)格形成機(ji)制上反映煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組功能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，提高電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)調(diao)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)，保(bao)障電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)長期容(rong)量(liang)充裕性(xing)，促進清潔能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消納，推動(dong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)綠色低(di)碳轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)。

（二）滿足新(xin)型電力(li)系統建設快(kuai)速(su)推進(jin)的需(xu)要(yao)，持(chi)續完善市場價(jia)格體系。

由于電力產品的特(te)殊(shu)性，如(ru)實時(shi)平(ping)衡(heng)需求(qiu)、缺乏(fa)大規模經濟儲存和(he)缺乏(fa)需求(qiu)彈性等，電力市場無法(fa)自發形(xing)(xing)成有序(xu)運轉和(he)公平(ping)合理(li)的價格體(ti)系。因此，政(zheng)府需要(yao)采取必要(yao)措施來確保(bao)電力市場競爭(zheng)充分，價格形(xing)(xing)成合理(li)，電力供應可靠。

在我(wo)(wo)國(guo)，電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)場(chang)建設正(zheng)在穩步推進。電(dian)(dian)力現貨市(shi)(shi)場(chang)采用系統、區(qu)域(yu)或節點短期(qi)邊際成(cheng)(cheng)本定價(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，這種機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)夠有效激勵(li)發電(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)，根據其(qi)發電(dian)(dian)變動成(cheng)(cheng)本報價(jia)實現經濟(ji)調(diao)度，促進電(dian)(dian)力系統的(de)(de)低碳和(he)經濟(ji)運行(xing)。然而，這種機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)并不能(neng)完全(quan)解決(jue)煤電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組固定成(cheng)(cheng)本回收的(de)(de)問題。因此(ci)，建立煤電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，通過(guo)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)回收部分或全(quan)部固定成(cheng)(cheng)本，具有重(zhong)要的(de)(de)現實意義。這樣(yang)的(de)(de)舉措可以充分發揮政府定價(jia)的(de)(de)作用，填補(bu)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)場(chang)體系中容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)設計的(de)(de)空(kong)白(bai)，建立覆蓋我(wo)(wo)國(guo)主要有效容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)來源的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，滿足我(wo)(wo)國(guo)健全(quan)多層次(ci)電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)場(chang)體系的(de)(de)需求。

（三(san)）地方(fang)容量(liang)機制的(de)優化與(yu)拓展，各國低碳轉型“殊途同(tong)歸”的(de)選擇。

之前，山東、云南等省份已開展煤電容量電價的探索。2020年，山東發布《山東省電力現貨市場交易規則（試行）》，提出以容量補償方式回收發電機組固定成本，補償標準0.0991元/千瓦時，補償費用的來源為用戶側支付的容量補償電價。2022年12月，云南省發改委發布《云南省燃煤發電市場化改革實施方案（試行）》，規定煤電企業最大發電能力和最小發電能力之間的可調節空間參與調節容量市場交易，并按照各類電源、用戶對調節能力和系統容量的不同需求，差異化分攤調節容量成本。隨著全球能源低碳轉型腳步的加快，歐美等成熟電力市場認識到，容量機制有利于加強電力系統可靠性。2023年10月，美國PJM提交了容量市場改革提案，保證容量充裕性，以面對越來越嚴重的極端天氣與發電結構的不斷變化，同時歐盟認為容量機制在能源轉型過程中發揮了重要作用，同意延長容量機制至2028年12月。因此，容量電價機(ji)制的出(chu)臺既是我國(guo)地方容量(liang)機(ji)制的優化與拓展(zhan)，也是各國(guo)低碳轉型“殊途同(tong)歸(gui)”的選擇。

煤(mei)電容量電價機(ji)制的主要內容

（一）明確容量電價補償范圍，執(zhi)行統(tong)一機組固定成(cheng)本。

《通知》明確(que)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)實施范圍為合規在(zai)運(yun)的(de)(de)公用煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組，燃煤(mei)自備電(dian)(dian)廠、不(bu)符合國家(jia)規劃的(de)(de)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組，以及(ji)不(bu)滿(man)足國家(jia)對于能耗(hao)、環保(bao)和靈活調節能力等要(yao)求的(de)(de)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組，不(bu)執(zhi)行(xing)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)機(ji)制。上述適用范圍完(wan)全(quan)契(qi)合容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)本質(zhi)，即容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)是針(zhen)對在(zai)電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)中能夠(gou)提供有效容(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)源，得到容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)就意味著(zhu)需要(yao)按要(yao)求履(lv)行(xing)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)義務(wu)。

同時《通知》明確用于(yu)(yu)計算容量電(dian)價的(de)煤電(dian)機組固定成本(ben)主(zhu)要(yao)包括(kuo)折舊費、財務費、人工(gong)費、修理費等(deng)，實(shi)行全國(guo)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)標(biao)準(zhun)，為每年每千瓦330元(yuan)。這樣(yang)安(an)排，一(yi)(yi)(yi)方面煤電(dian)機組固定成本(ben)地區差(cha)異(yi)總體較(jiao)小，不同類型(xing)機組之間差(cha)異(yi)也有限(xian)，具備全國(guo)實(shi)行統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)基礎(chu)，較(jiao)好地統(tong)籌(chou)了(le)可(ke)操作性(xing)和(he)實(shi)際(ji)情況(kuang)；另一(yi)(yi)(yi)方面也充分(fen)體現了(le)價格上限(xian)管(guan)制的(de)思想，特(te)別是(shi)百(bai)萬千瓦級先進(jin)煤電(dian)機組固定成本(ben)略低(di)于(yu)(yu)全國(guo)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)標(biao)準(zhun)，單位煤耗大幅(fu)降(jiang)低(di)，發電(dian)效益相對更高，可(ke)激勵市場(chang)主(zhu)體自主(zhu)優化(hua)擴建(jian)技術方案，降(jiang)低(di)建(jian)設運營成本(ben)，樹立了(le)煤電(dian)發展新標(biao)桿。

（二）回收(shou)比例兼顧時空差異，因地制(zhi)宜確定容量補(bu)償。

《通(tong)(tong)知》分(fen)別規定(ding)了不同比(bi)例的(de)容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)。2024—2025年對云(yun)南、四川、河南、重慶、青(qing)海、廣西、湖南等7個轉型速度較快的(de)地(di)(di)區，按照50%容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)（165元/千(qian)(qian)瓦）執行，2026年起(qi)(qi)容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)回收固(gu)定(ding)成本(ben)的(de)比(bi)例不低于(yu)70%；對于(yu)其(qi)他地(di)(di)區，則(ze)按照30%容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)水平（100元/千(qian)(qian)瓦）執行，2026年通(tong)(tong)過容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)回收固(gu)定(ding)成本(ben)的(de)比(bi)例不低于(yu)50%。《通(tong)(tong)知》以多數地(di)(di)區30%回收比(bi)例起(qi)(qi)步、先行建立容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機制，有利于(yu)充分(fen)釋放政策(ce)信號，給(gei)相關煤電(dian)(dian)主體吃下“定(ding)心丸”，穩定(ding)煤電(dian)(dian)行業發展預期，實施過程中逐步向50%比(bi)例過渡銜接，以時間換(huan)取空間、確(que)保政策(ce)實施效果(guo)。

通(tong)過(guo)充分考慮新型(xing)(xing)能源體(ti)系(xi)中各(ge)地煤電機組轉型(xing)(xing)進度的(de)客觀情況，同(tong)時又兼顧(gu)各(ge)地差異化實際(ji)情況，因地制宜提出現(xian)階段各(ge)地不同(tong)的(de)容量(liang)(liang)電價(jia)，建立(li)全國(guo)統(tong)一(yi)的(de)容量(liang)(liang)電價(jia)標(biao)準，有利(li)于(yu)初期(qi)政策落地和執行(xing)到位。

（三）按照“誰(shui)受益、誰(shui)承擔”原則，明(ming)確分攤(tan)、扣(kou)減和退出機制(zhi)。

《通知》指出，煤電機(ji)組(zu)(zu)可獲得的(de)容(rong)量電費(fei)(fei)，根據當地煤電容(rong)量電價和機(ji)組(zu)(zu)申報的(de)最(zui)大(da)出力(li)(li)確定(ding)(ding)，煤電機(ji)組(zu)(zu)分月(yue)(yue)(yue)申報，電網企業按月(yue)(yue)(yue)結算(suan)。新建煤電機(ji)組(zu)(zu)自投運(yun)次月(yue)(yue)(yue)起執行煤電容(rong)量電價機(ji)制(zhi)。各(ge)地煤電容(rong)量電費(fei)(fei)納入系統運(yun)行費(fei)(fei)用(yong)，每(mei)月(yue)(yue)(yue)由工商業用(yong)戶(hu)按當月(yue)(yue)(yue)用(yong)電量比例分攤，由電網企業按月(yue)(yue)(yue)發布、滾(gun)動(dong)清(qing)算(suan)。全體(ti)工商業用(yong)戶(hu)作為(wei)電力(li)(li)的(de)最(zui)終消費(fei)(fei)者承擔容(rong)量電費(fei)(fei)，體(ti)現了(le)煤電容(rong)量電價是為(wei)整(zheng)個電力(li)(li)系統提(ti)供長期、穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)電力(li)(li)供應，以及(ji)激勵和引導有效容(rong)量投資而建立的(de)，為(wei)將來更好統一、合理疏導各(ge)類型電源的(de)容(rong)量電價奠定(ding)(ding)了(le)非(fei)常好的(de)基礎(chu)。

《通知》指出(chu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)納(na)入受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)份(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量平(ping)衡(heng)的(de)(de)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)區外(wai)(wai)送(song)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)，其(qi)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費按(an)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)標準(zhun)確定(ding)，并由受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)用戶承擔，若涉及多個(ge)(ge)送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方向，那么可(ke)按(an)照(zhao)(zhao)分(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比(bi)例或送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量比(bi)例分(fen)攤(tan)；除配套煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)之(zhi)外(wai)(wai)但同樣(yang)納(na)入受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量平(ping)衡(heng)的(de)(de)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)，它(ta)不是專門為一個(ge)(ge)或多個(ge)(ge)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)提供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量供應(ying)的(de)(de)，而是部分(fen)外(wai)(wai)送(song)、部分(fen)支(zhi)撐本(ben)地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供應(ying)，需(xu)要(yao)由送(song)受雙方按(an)照(zhao)(zhao)一定(ding)比(bi)例對(dui)(dui)(dui)容(rong)量進行分(fen)配。因此對(dui)(dui)(dui)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)區煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)實施容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價，相當于“鎖定(ding)”了煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)的(de)(de)這部分(fen)容(rong)量，未(wei)來在簽訂(ding)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)區中(zhong)長(chang)(chang)期合(he)約(yue)時(shi)，不僅需(xu)要(yao)明確電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價，受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)也應(ying)當按(an)照(zhao)(zhao)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價分(fen)攤(tan)情況，約(yue)定(ding)高峰時(shi)段電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)保障(zhang)要(yao)求，進一步理順跨(kua)(kua)(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)區送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機制、規范跨(kua)(kua)(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)區送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)長(chang)(chang)期合(he)約(yue)。

《通知》明確，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)如無(wu)法(fa)按(an)照(zhao)調度(du)指令(ling)提(ti)供所申(shen)報的(de)(de)最大(da)出(chu)力情況，其容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)將(jiang)根據不同情況扣減。對(dui)自然年內月(yue)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)全部扣減累計發(fa)生三(san)次的(de)(de)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)，取(qu)消(xiao)其獲取(qu)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)的(de)(de)資格。考核機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)的(de)(de)建立，有(you)效遏制(zhi)了煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)企業獲得容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)后可能出(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)“躺平”現(xian)象，將(jiang)有(you)利(li)于(yu)激勵機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)提(ti)升設備可靠性，確保煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)按(an)要求履行容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)義務，從而保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應。

煤電容量電價(jia)機制(zhi)的前進方向

（一）建(jian)立涵蓋(gai)各類型電(dian)源(yuan)的容量市場機制(zhi)

從國(guo)際經驗來(lai)看，容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)成本(ben)回收機制(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)幾種形式：容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)、稀(xi)缺電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)、容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)補(bu)償機制(zhi)(zhi)、戰略備(bei)用(yong)。其中，容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)是最具(ju)有(you)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)化特征的(de)(de)方式，但(dan)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)設計較(jiao)為(wei)復(fu)雜，特別是對于(yu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)確(que)(que)定(ding)的(de)(de)預測準確(que)(que)性要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)比較(jiao)高；容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)補(bu)償機制(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)設難(nan)度(du)和(he)風險較(jiao)低，容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)易(yi)實(shi)施；稀(xi)缺電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)由于(yu)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)對批發市(shi)(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)有(you)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)承受能力，且價(jia)(jia)格(ge)波(bo)動(dong)風險較(jiao)大(da)，不(bu)適用(yong)于(yu)我國(guo)；戰略備(bei)用(yong)機制(zhi)(zhi)未來(lai)可根據應急(ji)備(bei)用(yong)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)單(dan)獨(du)設計。綜(zong)上，現階段我國(guo)在(zai)《通知(zhi)》中提出采用(yong)較(jiao)為(wei)穩妥的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)方式確(que)(que)定(ding)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)回收的(de)(de)固定(ding)成本(ben)，我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)場(chang)體系實(shi)現了閉環(huan)，市(shi)(shi)場(chang)體系愈(yu)發完整，未來(lai)通過建(jian)立(li)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)，涵蓋各類型電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)、以科學的(de)(de)方式確(que)(que)定(ding)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)、以更加(jia)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)化的(de)(de)方式確(que)(que)定(ding)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)將是必然趨勢(shi)。

（二）建立考慮煤電利用小(xiao)時的精細化(hua)補償比例

合(he)理確(que)定容量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)回收固(gu)(gu)定成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)比例是容量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)方案設計的關鍵一(yi)(yi)環。定的低了，可能對煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)補償(chang)力度不夠，難以(yi)有(you)效激勵(li)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)投資擴(kuo)建；定的高了，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)能量市場中的報價(jia)(jia)會顯著下降(jiang)，拉低核電(dian)(dian)、水電(dian)(dian)等(deng)(deng)未(wei)(wei)出臺容量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機(ji)制電(dian)(dian)源品類(lei)(lei)的價(jia)(jia)格，影響(xiang)其平穩健康運(yun)行(xing)。同時，各地煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)年發電(dian)(dian)利(li)用(yong)小時數存在(zai)較大差異，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)功能轉型進程不一(yi)(yi)，不宜“一(yi)(yi)刀切”確(que)定容量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)水平。因此，未(wei)(wei)來在(zai)進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)確(que)定煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)容量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)回收固(gu)(gu)定成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)比例時，需要考慮(lv)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)的細分特(te)性、煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)利(li)用(yong)小時等(deng)(deng)個體差異以(yi)及單個機(ji)組(zu)(zu)的技術運(yun)行(xing)特(te)點，建立(li)更加符(fu)合(he)各地煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)實際情(qing)況的分類(lei)(lei)分檔精細化(hua)補償(chang)比例，進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)加快煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)實現(xian)功能轉型。

（三）建立應急(ji)備用煤(mei)電機組(zu)容量(liang)電價機制(zhi)

各地電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統對支撐調節能力(li)(li)需求不同，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)能轉(zhuan)型進(jin)度差異也較(jiao)大。有(you)的(de)地方(fang)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)、新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)等(deng)可(ke)再(zai)生能源(yuan)(yuan)比重較(jiao)大，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)主(zhu)要發揮支撐調節作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)；有(you)的(de)地方(fang)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)則仍是主(zhu)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，在(zai)提供電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)量方(fang)面都是“頂梁(liang)柱”。為(wei)應(ying)(ying)對未來新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)高比例接入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統后可(ke)能頻繁出(chu)現的(de)“晚峰無(wu)光”“極(ji)熱無(wu)風”等(deng)問(wen)題，國(guo)家應(ying)(ying)積極(ji)推進(jin)應(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)備用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)能力(li)(li)建(jian)設，引導退役或臨近退役煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)“退而不拆”轉(zhuan)為(wei)應(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)備用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，在(zai)運行方(fang)式(shi)和成(cheng)本(ben)構(gou)成(cheng)上(shang)有(you)別于常規煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)，需配(pei)套建(jian)立應(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)備用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)制，進(jin)一步(bu)明確應(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)備用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)通(tong)過容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價回(hui)收的(de)固定(ding)成(cheng)本(ben)比例，保障煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)穩妥有(you)序退出(chu)。煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)制與應(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)備用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)制應(ying)(ying)協同配(pei)合，從根本(ben)上(shang)解決煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)行業(ye)轉(zhuan)型問(wen)題。

（四）統籌各(ge)環節(jie)調(diao)節(jie)性資源，明(ming)確煤電機組(zu)有效補償方案

在全(quan)國(guo)統一(yi)大(da)市場發展背景下，以市場化手段激勵我國(guo)能(neng)源(yuan)系統各環節(jie)資源(yuan)進行互動(dong)成(cheng)為(wei)了現實，煤電不再是唯一(yi)的安(an)全(quan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)保障資源(yuan)。因(yin)此，在開展煤電容量(liang)補(bu)償(chang)的同時，還需要統籌考慮(lv)各環節(jie)調節(jie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)資源(yuan)，分析(xi)各類資源(yuan)的有效性(xing)(xing)(xing)與可靠性(xing)(xing)(xing)，以調節(jie)需求為(wei)核心明確煤電機組安(an)全(quan)保障剛性(xing)(xing)(xing)需求量(liang)，針對高(gao)能(neng)效、靈活性(xing)(xing)(xing)機組設定(ding)有針對性(xing)(xing)(xing)的補(bu)償(chang)方案(an)，避免全(quan)國(guo)“一(yi)刀(dao)切(qie)”。

本文系《中國電力企業管理》獨家稿件，作者供職于華北(bei)電力大學(xue)能源互聯網研(yan)究中心。