在(zai)(zai)全球氣候治理(li)格局深(shen)度重構的(de)背景(jing)下，“綠(lv)電直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)”作為破解能源轉型與碳關稅壁壘雙重挑戰的(de)制(zhi)度創新(xin)，逐漸進入(ru)人們的(de)視野。國(guo)家發(fa)展改革委、國(guo)家能源局印發(fa)《關于有序推動(dong)綠(lv)電直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)發(fa)展有關事項(xiang)(xiang)的(de)通知(zhi)》（以下簡(jian)稱(cheng)《通知(zhi)》）開(kai)展綠(lv)電直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)試點項(xiang)(xiang)目，旨在(zai)(zai)提升(sheng)清(qing)潔能源利用效率、提升(sheng)綠(lv)電的(de)物理(li)屬性，這種(zhong)創新(xin)模(mo)式(shi)將綠(lv)電消費在(zai)(zai)時間(jian)精(jing)度和(he)發(fa)用電位(wei)置上的(de)顆(ke)粒度進一(yi)步提升(sheng)，為全國(guo)新(xin)能源產業的(de)發(fa)展提供了有益的(de)探索(suo)和(he)借鑒(jian)。

從國際視角來(lai)看(kan)，根據歐(ou)盟去年4月公(gong)(gong)布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《新電(dian)(dian)池法案(an)(an)》下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碳足跡計(ji)算規則草案(an)(an)及(ji)各(ge)國對于(yu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)直(zhi)連的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)念(nian)，“連接獨立(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)點與(yu)(yu)獨立(li)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路，或連接發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)企業與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應商直(zhi)接為其自有場所、子公(gong)(gong)司及(ji)客戶(hu)供電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路”，“綠電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連”應是(shi)通(tong)過“拉專線(xian)(xian)(xian)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式連接新能源電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)與(yu)(yu)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)。有意(yi)思(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，在歐盟各(ge)國實踐中并(bing)未切斷與(yu)(yu)大電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)系，根據美國國際(ji)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)署（USAID）統計，在歐盟已經展開(kai)綠電直連(lian)(lian)(lian)實(shi)踐的(de)國家中，拉脫維亞直連(lian)(lian)(lian)線路的(de)用戶有權保持與(yu)系統的(de)永(yong)久連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)作為備用，或者在用戶沒(mei)有安裝(zhuang)永(yong)久連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)的(de)情況下，要求(qiu)系統運營商安裝(zhuang)備用連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)。波蘭政府(fu)認為，將(jiang)“直連(lian)(lian)(lian)線路”的(de)定義狹隘(ai)地理解為在孤島系統內運行，違反(fan)了(le)歐盟指令。

中(zhong)國方案展現出顯著的系統性優勢(shi)。一是制(zhi)度創新：構建與國際規則兼容(rong)的本(ben)土化框架(jia)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)我國目前(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統中（不含分布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)），幾乎(hu)全(quan)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源都是先連接(jie)(jie)到輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)再(zai)通過(guo)(guo)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)輸(shu)送給(gei)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)，不同類型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源生(sheng)(sheng)產電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能上網(wang)(wang)(wang)后受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣規律和基爾霍夫定律等影響，各種(zhong)類型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力“眾流歸(gui)源”一(yi)樣(yang)混淆在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)起，用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)無法明確使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力由哪個(ge)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠提供(gong)，也無法分辨用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)某(mou)一(yi)瞬間(jian)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力屬于哪種(zhong)類型(xing)。用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)與發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并不存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)物(wu)理上的(de)(de)可再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量生(sheng)(sheng)產消(xiao)費的(de)(de)“可追溯(su)”，“漂綠(lv)”帶來的(de)(de)道德問(wen)題，引(yin)發諸多爭議。《通知》首次明確了(le)綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連的(de)(de)定義，“指風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽能發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等新能源不直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)入(ru)公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，通過(guo)(guo)直(zhi)連線路向單一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)供(gong)給(gei)綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可實(shi)現供(gong)給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量清(qing)晰物(wu)理溯(su)源的(de)(de)模式”。同時按照負荷是否接(jie)(jie)入(ru)公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)分為并網(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)和離(li)網(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)兩類。并網(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)項目作(zuo)為整體接(jie)(jie)入(ru)公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，與公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)形成清(qing)晰的(de)(de)物(wu)理界面與責(ze)任(ren)界面，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源應(ying)(ying)接(jie)(jie)入(ru)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)和公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)產權分界點(dian)的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)側(ce)。這一(yi)制度設計既回應(ying)(ying)了(le)歐盟對綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連的(de)(de)強制要求，也創(chuang)新性地界定了(le)“安全(quan)責(ze)任(ren)界面”，通過(guo)(guo)產權分界點(dian)的(de)(de)物(wu)理切割(ge)的(de)(de)方式，創(chuang)造了(le)“物(wu)理隔離(li)+市場聯通(tong)(tong)”的(de)雙軌機(ji)制，既保障(zhang)了公(gong)共(gong)電(dian)網安全穩定運行(xing)，又(you)賦予(yu)市場主體更大的(de)自主權(quan)，將電(dian)力從“通(tong)(tong)用商品”升(sheng)級(ji)為“低碳(tan)通(tong)(tong)行(xing)證”。

二是回歸了分(fen)布式光伏(fu)發電的初(chu)心(xin)和本源(yuan)。長久以來(lai)，綠電沒有(you)參與現貨(huo)的結(jie)算(suan)(suan)，綠電簽(qian)約雙方也(ye)沒有(you)在合同中約定結(jie)算(suan)(suan)參考點及平(ping)衡責任承(cheng)擔方等(deng)內容，綠電合同對(dui)應(ying)的發電及用戶均未承(cheng)擔相關(guan)責任。《通知》突破傳統綠電交易“證書虛擬交割”模式，首創“物理直(zhi)連+市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)結算”雙(shuang)輪驅(qu)動，并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)型項(xiang)目(mu)應(ying)按(an)(an)照“以荷(he)定源(yuan)”，現(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)連續運(yun)(yun)行地區可(ke)采取整(zheng)(zheng)體自(zi)發(fa)自(zi)用為(wei)主，余電(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)為(wei)輔的(de)(de)模(mo)式(shi)；現(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)未連續運(yun)(yun)行地區，不(bu)允許向(xiang)公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)反送。同時(shi)，在交易(yi)(yi)方面，并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)型綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)直連項(xiang)目(mu)享平等的(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)地位(wei)，按(an)(an)照《電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)注冊基(ji)本(ben)規則》進(jin)行注冊，原(yuan)(yuan)則上(shang)(shang)應(ying)作為(wei)整(zheng)(zheng)體參與電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)交易(yi)(yi)，根據市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)交易(yi)(yi)結果安排生產(chan)，并(bing)按(an)(an)照與公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)交換(huan)功率進(jin)行結算。項(xiang)目(mu)負(fu)荷(he)不(bu)得由電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)企(qi)業代理購電(dian)(dian)(dian)。《通知》為(wei)源(yuan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)荷(he)儲參與市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化交易(yi)(yi)開辟了(le)新(xin)路徑(jing)，這既(ji)落實了(le)《分布式(shi)光伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)開發(fa)建設(she)管理辦(ban)法》的(de)(de)改革(ge)要求，又實現(xian)了(le)《關于深化新(xin)能源(yuan)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化改革(ge) 促進(jin)新(xin)能源(yuan)高(gao)質量(liang)發(fa)展的(de)(de)通知》中新(xin)能源(yuan)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)原(yuan)(yuan)則上(shang)(shang)全(quan)部進(jin)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)政(zheng)策目(mu)標。

三(san)是加強組織保障、創新(xin)發展模式。風能、太陽能等(deng)(deng)(deng)間歇(xie)性(xing)(xing)能源(yuan)(yuan)，給(gei)“綠電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)”用(yong)戶(hu)的(de)(de)連(lian)續性(xing)(xing)和穩定性(xing)(xing)帶來挑戰。《通(tong)(tong)知》要求(qiu)，并網(wang)型綠電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)項目(mu)應通(tong)(tong)過合(he)理配置(zhi)儲能、挖掘負荷靈(ling)活調(diao)節潛力等(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)式，充分提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)項目(mu)靈(ling)活性(xing)(xing)調(diao)節能力，盡可(ke)(ke)能減少系(xi)統(tong)調(diao)節壓力。《通(tong)(tong)知》明(ming)確，綠電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)項目(mu)原則(ze)上由負荷作(zuo)為(wei)主責單位。項目(mu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)(ke)由負荷投資(zi)(zi)，直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)專線原則(ze)上應由負荷、電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)主體(ti)投資(zi)(zi)。為(wei)破解新能源(yuan)(yuan)波動性(xing)(xing)與工(gong)業連(lian)續生產的(de)(de)矛(mao)盾(dun)，《通(tong)(tong)知》一方(fang)面(mian)要求(qiu)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)項目(mu)投資(zi)(zi)者承擔專線建(jian)設(she)成本，通(tong)(tong)過收(shou)益與成本的(de)(de)市場(chang)化(hua)(hua)平衡激發投資(zi)(zi)活力；另一方(fang)面(mian)，明(ming)確鼓勵用(yong)戶(hu)提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)系(xi)統(tong)友好性(xing)(xing)，避免(mian)(mian)因“搭便(bian)車”導致公共電(dian)(dian)網(wang)負擔轉嫁(jia)。為(wei)保證系(xi)統(tong)安全，《通(tong)(tong)知》進(jin)行(xing)了(le)相(xiang)關規范，進(jin)一步細化(hua)(hua)上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)量比例、退(tui)出(chu)機制等(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)體(ti)要求(qiu)，引導項目(mu)科學合(he)理評估需求(qiu)，避免(mian)(mian)出(chu)現(xian)實(shi)際運行(xing)與設(she)計方(fang)案出(chu)現(xian)較大(da)偏(pian)差、新能源(yuan)(yuan)消納不及預(yu)期(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)情況(kuang)。

“綠電(dian)直連(lian)”雖(sui)然(ran)是(shi)能(neng)源領域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)創新之(zhi)舉，具有廣闊的(de)(de)(de)發展前景，但用(yong)(yong)戶不僅要(yao)(yao)承擔建設成本，還要(yao)(yao)面臨市場(chang)交易與收益的(de)(de)(de)不確定性，綠電(dian)直連(lian)在推(tui)進過程中面臨著安全(quan)、經(jing)濟(ji)、技(ji)術等(deng)多重(zhong)風險。必須要(yao)(yao)看到，電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)本身就是(shi)最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)網(wang)源荷儲系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)，“綠電(dian)直連(lian)”形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)小系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)，在可靠(kao)性相(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)前提下(xia)，必然(ran)經(jing)濟(ji)性低(di)于(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)，因此減少對于(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)依(yi)賴、自(zi)由選擇可靠(kao)性是(shi)小系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)獲得相(xiang)對經(jing)濟(ji)性的(de)(de)(de)必然(ran)選擇。《通知》不失為(wei)一(yi)次迎難而上的(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)水，以“綠電(dian)直連(lian)”試(shi)(shi)點為(wei)契機，凝聚(ju)政府、企業和科(ke)研(yan)機構(gou)等(deng)各方(fang)合力(li)，加大(da)(da)技(ji)術研(yan)發投(tou)入，完善市場(chang)機制和監管體系(xi)(xi)(xi)，為(wei)清潔(jie)能(neng)源的(de)(de)(de)高效利用(yong)(yong)開辟新道路。（華能(neng)集團能(neng)源研(yan)究院副院長 陳(chen)大(da)(da)宇）