在全球氣候(hou)治(zhi)理格局(ju)深度(du)重(zhong)(zhong)構的(de)背景下，“綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)”作為破解能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)轉型(xing)與碳關(guan)稅壁壘雙重(zhong)(zhong)挑戰的(de)制(zhi)度(du)創新，逐漸進入(ru)人們的(de)視(shi)野(ye)。國家(jia)發(fa)展改(gai)革委(wei)、國家(jia)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)局(ju)印發(fa)《關(guan)于有序(xu)推動綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)發(fa)展有關(guan)事項(xiang)(xiang)的(de)通知》（以(yi)下簡稱《通知》）開展綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)試(shi)點項(xiang)(xiang)目，旨(zhi)在提(ti)升清潔能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)利用效(xiao)率、提(ti)升綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)的(de)物理屬性，這種創新模(mo)式將綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)消費在時間精度(du)和發(fa)用電(dian)位置上的(de)顆粒度(du)進一步(bu)提(ti)升，為全國新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)產業(ye)的(de)發(fa)展提(ti)供了有益的(de)探索和借(jie)鑒。

從國(guo)際(ji)視角(jiao)來看，根據歐(ou)盟去年4月公(gong)布的《新(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池法案》下(xia)的碳(tan)足跡計算規則草(cao)案及(ji)各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)對于電(dian)(dian)(dian)力直連的概念，“連接獨(du)立發電(dian)(dian)(dian)站點與獨(du)立用(yong)戶之間的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力線路(lu)(lu)，或連接發電(dian)(dian)(dian)企業與電(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應商直接為其自(zi)有場所、子公(gong)司及(ji)客戶供電(dian)(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力線路(lu)(lu)”，“綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)直連”應是通過(guo)“拉(la)專線”的方式連接新(xin)能源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站與用(yong)戶。有意思的是，在歐盟(meng)各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)實踐中并未切斷與大電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的聯系(xi)，根據美國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際開發署（USAID）統計，在歐盟已經展開(kai)綠(lv)電直連(lian)(lian)實(shi)踐的(de)國家(jia)中，拉脫(tuo)維(wei)亞直連(lian)(lian)線路的(de)用(yong)戶有權保持(chi)與系(xi)統的(de)永久連(lian)(lian)接(jie)作為備(bei)用(yong)，或(huo)者在用(yong)戶沒有安裝(zhuang)永久連(lian)(lian)接(jie)的(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)，要(yao)求系(xi)統運(yun)(yun)營商安裝(zhuang)備(bei)用(yong)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)。波蘭(lan)政府認為，將“直連(lian)(lian)線路”的(de)定義狹(xia)隘地(di)理解(jie)為在孤島系(xi)統內運(yun)(yun)行，違反了歐盟指令。

中(zhong)國方案(an)展現(xian)出顯著的系統性優(you)勢(shi)。一是制度創新：構建與國(guo)際(ji)規則兼容的(de)本土化(hua)框架。在(zai)我(wo)國目前(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)中（不(bu)含(han)分(fen)布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)直接供應），幾乎全部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)都是(shi)先連接到輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)再通過(guo)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)輸送給用(yong)戶，不(bu)同類型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)生產(chan)(chan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能上網(wang)(wang)后受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣規律和基爾霍夫定律等(deng)影響(xiang)，各種(zhong)類型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)“眾流歸源(yuan)”一樣混淆在(zai)一起，用(yong)戶無(wu)法明確使用(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)由(you)哪個發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠提供，也無(wu)法分(fen)辨用(yong)戶在(zai)某一瞬間使用(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)屬于哪種(zhong)類型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。用(yong)戶與(yu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并(bing)不(bu)存在(zai)物理(li)上的(de)可再生能源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量生產(chan)(chan)消費的(de)“可追(zhui)溯”，“漂綠”帶來(lai)的(de)道德問題，引發(fa)(fa)諸多爭(zheng)議。《通知》首次明確了綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連的(de)定義，“指風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太(tai)陽能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、生物質發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)新(xin)能源(yuan)不(bu)直接接入公(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)，通過(guo)直連線路向單一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)戶供給綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可實現供給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量清(qing)晰物理(li)溯源(yuan)的(de)模式”。同時按照(zhao)負荷(he)是(shi)否接入公(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)并(bing)網(wang)(wang)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和離網(wang)(wang)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)兩類。并(bing)網(wang)(wang)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)項目作為(wei)(wei)整體接入公(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)，與(yu)公(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)形成(cheng)清(qing)晰的(de)物理(li)界(jie)(jie)面與(yu)責任(ren)界(jie)(jie)面，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)應接入用(yong)戶和公(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)產(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)分(fen)界(jie)(jie)點的(de)用(yong)戶側。這一制度設計既回應了歐盟(meng)對(dui)綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連的(de)強(qiang)制要求，也創新(xin)性地界(jie)(jie)定了“安全責任(ren)界(jie)(jie)面”，通過(guo)產(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)分(fen)界(jie)(jie)點的(de)物理(li)切割的(de)方式，創造(zao)了“物理(li)隔離+市場聯通(tong)”的(de)雙軌機(ji)制(zhi)，既保障了公共電(dian)網安全穩定運(yun)行(xing)，又(you)賦予市場主(zhu)體更大的(de)自主(zhu)權，將電(dian)力從“通(tong)用(yong)商品”升(sheng)級為“低碳通(tong)行(xing)證”。

二是回歸了分布式光伏發(fa)電的(de)初心和本源(yuan)。長久以來(lai)，綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)沒有(you)參與現貨(huo)的結算(suan)(suan)，綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)簽約雙(shuang)方也沒有(you)在合同中約定(ding)結算(suan)(suan)參考點及平衡責任承(cheng)擔方等內容，綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)合同對(dui)應的發電(dian)(dian)及用戶均(jun)未承(cheng)擔相關責任。《通知》突破傳統(tong)綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)交易“證(zheng)書虛擬交割”模式，首創(chuang)“物理直連+市(shi)(shi)場(chang)結(jie)算”雙輪驅動，并網(wang)(wang)(wang)型項目(mu)應按照(zhao)“以荷定(ding)源”，現貨市(shi)(shi)場(chang)連續運(yun)行地(di)區可采取整體自(zi)發自(zi)用為(wei)主，余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)為(wei)輔的(de)模式(shi)；現貨市(shi)(shi)場(chang)未連續運(yun)行地(di)區，不允許向公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)反送(song)。同時，在交(jiao)易(yi)方面(mian)，并網(wang)(wang)(wang)型綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連項目(mu)享平(ping)等的(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)地(di)位，按照(zhao)《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)注冊基(ji)本規則》進行注冊，原(yuan)則上(shang)應作為(wei)整體參與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)交(jiao)易(yi)，根據市(shi)(shi)場(chang)交(jiao)易(yi)結(jie)果安排生(sheng)產，并按照(zhao)與公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)交(jiao)換功率進行結(jie)算。項目(mu)負荷不得由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)企業代理(li)購電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。《通知》為(wei)源網(wang)(wang)(wang)荷儲參與市(shi)(shi)場(chang)化(hua)交(jiao)易(yi)開(kai)辟了(le)新路徑(jing)，這既落(luo)實了(le)《分布(bu)式(shi)光伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)發建(jian)設管理(li)辦法》的(de)改革要(yao)求，又實現了(le)《關于深化(hua)新能(neng)源上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價市(shi)(shi)場(chang)化(hua)改革 促(cu)進新能(neng)源高質量(liang)(liang)發展的(de)通知》中新能(neng)源上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)原(yuan)則上(shang)全(quan)部進入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)的(de)政策(ce)目(mu)標(biao)。

三是(shi)加強組織保障、創新發(fa)展模式。風能(neng)、太陽能(neng)等(deng)間歇性(xing)能(neng)源(yuan)，給“綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)直連”用戶的(de)連續(xu)性(xing)和穩定性(xing)帶來挑戰。《通(tong)知(zhi)》要求，并網(wang)型綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)直連項(xiang)目(mu)應通(tong)過合理(li)配置(zhi)儲能(neng)、挖(wa)掘負荷靈(ling)(ling)活(huo)(huo)調(diao)節潛力等(deng)方(fang)式，充(chong)分提升項(xiang)目(mu)靈(ling)(ling)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)調(diao)節能(neng)力，盡(jin)可能(neng)減(jian)少系統調(diao)節壓(ya)力。《通(tong)知(zhi)》明(ming)確(que)，綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)直連項(xiang)目(mu)原(yuan)則(ze)上由(you)負荷作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)責單(dan)位。項(xiang)目(mu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)可由(you)負荷投資(zi)(zi)，直連專(zhuan)線原(yuan)則(ze)上應由(you)負荷、電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)主(zhu)體投資(zi)(zi)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)破解新能(neng)源(yuan)波動性(xing)與(yu)工業連續(xu)生(sheng)產的(de)矛盾，《通(tong)知(zhi)》一方(fang)面要求直連項(xiang)目(mu)投資(zi)(zi)者承擔專(zhuan)線建設成本，通(tong)過收益與(yu)成本的(de)市場化平衡激發投資(zi)(zi)活(huo)(huo)力；另一方(fang)面，明(ming)確(que)鼓勵用戶提升系統友(you)好性(xing)，避免(mian)(mian)因“搭便車”導致(zhi)公共電(dian)(dian)網(wang)負擔轉嫁。為(wei)(wei)(wei)保證系統安(an)全，《通(tong)知(zhi)》進(jin)行了(le)相關規范，進(jin)一步(bu)細化上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)量比例、退出(chu)機制等(deng)具體要求，引導項(xiang)目(mu)科學合理(li)評估需求，避免(mian)(mian)出(chu)現實際(ji)運行與(yu)設計方(fang)案(an)出(chu)現較大偏差、新能(neng)源(yuan)消納不及預期等(deng)情(qing)況(kuang)。

“綠電(dian)(dian)直連(lian)”雖(sui)然是(shi)(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)領域的(de)(de)創新之舉，具(ju)有廣闊的(de)(de)發(fa)展前景，但(dan)用戶不(bu)僅要承擔(dan)建設成(cheng)本，還要面臨市場(chang)交易與收(shou)益的(de)(de)不(bu)確定(ding)性，綠電(dian)(dian)直連(lian)在推進過程(cheng)中面臨著安全(quan)、經濟、技術(shu)等(deng)多重風(feng)險。必須要看到，電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統本身就是(shi)(shi)最大(da)的(de)(de)網源(yuan)荷(he)儲系(xi)統，“綠電(dian)(dian)直連(lian)”形成(cheng)的(de)(de)小(xiao)系(xi)統，在可(ke)靠(kao)性相同的(de)(de)前提下，必然經濟性低于大(da)系(xi)統，因(yin)此減少對于大(da)系(xi)統依賴、自由選擇可(ke)靠(kao)性是(shi)(shi)小(xiao)系(xi)統獲得相對經濟性的(de)(de)必然選擇。《通知》不(bu)失為(wei)一次迎(ying)難而上(shang)的(de)(de)試水，以(yi)“綠電(dian)(dian)直連(lian)”試點為(wei)契機，凝聚政府(fu)、企業和(he)科(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)機構等(deng)各方合力(li)，加大(da)技術(shu)研(yan)(yan)(yan)發(fa)投入，完(wan)善市場(chang)機制和(he)監管體系(xi)，為(wei)清(qing)潔能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)高效利用開辟新道路。（華能(neng)集團能(neng)源(yuan)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究院副院長(chang) 陳(chen)大(da)宇(yu)）