在全球氣候治理格(ge)局深度(du)(du)重構的(de)(de)(de)(de)背景下，“綠(lv)電(dian)直連”作為破解(jie)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)轉(zhuan)型與碳關(guan)(guan)稅壁壘雙重挑戰的(de)(de)(de)(de)制度(du)(du)創(chuang)新(xin)，逐漸進入人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)視野。國家發(fa)(fa)展改(gai)革委、國家能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)局印發(fa)(fa)《關(guan)(guan)于有序推動綠(lv)電(dian)直連發(fa)(fa)展有關(guan)(guan)事項的(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)知(zhi)》（以下簡稱《通(tong)知(zhi)》）開展綠(lv)電(dian)直連試點(dian)項目，旨(zhi)在提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)清潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)利(li)用效(xiao)率(lv)、提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)綠(lv)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理屬性，這(zhe)種創(chuang)新(xin)模(mo)式將綠(lv)電(dian)消費在時間精度(du)(du)和發(fa)(fa)用電(dian)位置上的(de)(de)(de)(de)顆粒度(du)(du)進一步(bu)提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)，為全國新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)產業的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展提(ti)(ti)供了(le)有益的(de)(de)(de)(de)探索和借(jie)鑒。

從國際(ji)視角(jiao)來看(kan)，根據歐盟去年4月公布的(de)(de)(de)《新電(dian)(dian)(dian)池法案》下的(de)(de)(de)碳足跡計(ji)算規則草案及各國(guo)對于電(dian)(dian)(dian)力直(zhi)連的(de)(de)(de)概念，“連接獨立發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)點與(yu)獨立用戶之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力線路，或連接發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企業與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應商直(zhi)接為其自有場(chang)所(suo)、子公司及客戶供電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力線路”，“綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連”應是(shi)通過(guo)“拉專線”的(de)(de)(de)方式連接新能源電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)與(yu)用戶。有意思(si)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，在(zai)歐盟各國(guo)實踐中(zhong)并未切(qie)斷與(yu)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)聯系，根據美國(guo)國(guo)際(ji)開發(fa)署（USAID）統(tong)計(ji)，在(zai)歐(ou)盟已經(jing)展開綠電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)實踐的(de)(de)(de)國家中，拉脫維亞直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)線路的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)戶有權保持與系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)永(yong)久(jiu)連(lian)(lian)接作為備用(yong)(yong)，或者在(zai)用(yong)(yong)戶沒有安(an)裝(zhuang)永(yong)久(jiu)連(lian)(lian)接的(de)(de)(de)情況下，要求(qiu)系統(tong)運營商安(an)裝(zhuang)備用(yong)(yong)連(lian)(lian)接。波蘭政府認為，將“直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)線路”的(de)(de)(de)定義狹隘(ai)地理解(jie)為在(zai)孤島系統(tong)內(nei)運行(xing)，違反了歐(ou)盟指令。

中國(guo)方案展現出顯著的系(xi)統(tong)性優勢。一是制(zhi)度創新：構建與國際規則(ze)兼容(rong)的本土化(hua)框架。在(zai)我國(guo)目(mu)前(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統中（不(bu)含分布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源直(zhi)接供應(ying)(ying)），幾乎全(quan)(quan)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源都是(shi)先連(lian)接到(dao)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)再通(tong)過配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)輸(shu)送(song)給用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)，不(bu)同類型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)上(shang)網(wang)后受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣規(gui)律和(he)基爾霍夫定(ding)律等影響，各種類型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)“眾流歸源”一樣混淆(xiao)在(zai)一起(qi)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)無(wu)法明確使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)由哪(na)個發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠提供，也無(wu)法分辨(bian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)在(zai)某(mou)一瞬(shun)間使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)屬于哪(na)種類型(xing)(xing)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)與(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并(bing)不(bu)存在(zai)物理(li)上(shang)的(de)(de)可再生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)消(xiao)費的(de)(de)“可追溯”，“漂(piao)綠(lv)”帶來的(de)(de)道(dao)德(de)問題(ti)，引發(fa)(fa)(fa)諸多(duo)爭(zheng)議。《通(tong)知》首次明確了(le)綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)的(de)(de)定(ding)義，“指風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、生(sheng)(sheng)物質發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等新能(neng)(neng)源不(bu)直(zhi)接接入(ru)公共(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，通(tong)過直(zhi)連(lian)線路向(xiang)單一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)供給綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可實現供給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)清晰物理(li)溯源的(de)(de)模式”。同時按(an)照負荷是(shi)否接入(ru)公共(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)分為并(bing)網(wang)型(xing)(xing)和(he)離網(wang)型(xing)(xing)兩類。并(bing)網(wang)型(xing)(xing)項(xiang)目(mu)作為整體接入(ru)公共(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，與(yu)公共(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)形成清晰的(de)(de)物理(li)界(jie)面與(yu)責任界(jie)面，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源應(ying)(ying)接入(ru)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)和(he)公共(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)產(chan)(chan)權分界(jie)點的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)側。這一制度(du)設(she)計(ji)既回應(ying)(ying)了(le)歐盟對綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)的(de)(de)強制要求(qiu)，也創新性地(di)界(jie)定(ding)了(le)“安全(quan)(quan)責任界(jie)面”，通(tong)過產(chan)(chan)權分界(jie)點的(de)(de)物理(li)切割的(de)(de)方式，創造(zao)了(le)“物理(li)隔離+市(shi)場聯通”的雙軌機制(zhi)，既保(bao)障(zhang)了(le)公共電網(wang)安全穩定運(yun)行(xing)，又(you)賦予(yu)市(shi)場主體更大的自主權，將(jiang)電力從“通用商(shang)品(pin)”升(sheng)級(ji)為“低碳(tan)通行(xing)證”。

二是回歸了分布式光伏發電的初(chu)心和(he)本源。長久以(yi)來，綠電沒有參(can)與現貨(huo)的(de)結算(suan)，綠電簽約(yue)雙方也沒有在合同中約(yue)定結算(suan)參(can)考(kao)點及平衡責任(ren)承擔(dan)方等內容，綠電合同對應的(de)發電及用(yong)戶均未承擔(dan)相關責任(ren)。《通知(zhi)》突破傳(chuan)統(tong)綠電交易“證書虛(xu)擬(ni)交割”模式，首創“物理(li)直連+市(shi)場(chang)結算(suan)”雙(shuang)輪驅動，并網型(xing)項目應按(an)照(zhao)“以荷(he)定源(yuan)(yuan)”，現貨市(shi)場(chang)連(lian)續(xu)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)地區可采取整體自發自用為(wei)主，余電(dian)(dian)上網為(wei)輔的(de)模式；現貨市(shi)場(chang)未連(lian)續(xu)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)地區，不允許向公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)網反送。同時，在(zai)交易方面，并網型(xing)綠電(dian)(dian)直連(lian)項目享平等的(de)市(shi)場(chang)地位，按(an)照(zhao)《電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)注(zhu)(zhu)冊(ce)基本(ben)規(gui)則》進行(xing)(xing)注(zhu)(zhu)冊(ce)，原則上應作為(wei)整體參與(yu)電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)交易，根(gen)據市(shi)場(chang)交易結果安(an)排生產，并按(an)照(zhao)與(yu)公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)網的(de)交換功率進行(xing)(xing)結算(suan)。項目負(fu)荷(he)不得由(you)電(dian)(dian)網企業代理購電(dian)(dian)。《通(tong)知(zhi)》為(wei)源(yuan)(yuan)網荷(he)儲參與(yu)市(shi)場(chang)化交易開辟了(le)新(xin)(xin)路徑，這既落實了(le)《分(fen)布(bu)式光伏發電(dian)(dian)開發建設管理辦法(fa)》的(de)改(gai)革要求，又實現了(le)《關于深化新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)上網電(dian)(dian)價市(shi)場(chang)化改(gai)革 促進新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)高質量(liang)發展(zhan)的(de)通(tong)知(zhi)》中新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)上網電(dian)(dian)量(liang)原則上全部進入(ru)電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)的(de)政策目標。

三是加強組織(zhi)保(bao)障、創新發展(zhan)模式。風(feng)能、太陽能等(deng)間(jian)歇性(xing)能源，給“綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連”用戶的(de)連續性(xing)和穩定性(xing)帶來(lai)挑戰。《通(tong)知(zhi)》要求(qiu)(qiu)，并網型(xing)綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)應通(tong)過合(he)理(li)(li)配置儲能、挖掘負(fu)荷(he)靈(ling)活(huo)調節(jie)潛力(li)等(deng)方式，充(chong)分(fen)提升項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)調節(jie)能力(li)，盡可能減(jian)少系(xi)統調節(jie)壓力(li)。《通(tong)知(zhi)》明(ming)(ming)確，綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)原則上由負(fu)荷(he)作為主(zhu)責單位。項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)電(dian)(dian)源可由負(fu)荷(he)投資，直(zhi)(zhi)連專線(xian)(xian)原則上應由負(fu)荷(he)、電(dian)(dian)源主(zhu)體投資。為破解(jie)新能源波動性(xing)與工業連續生(sheng)產的(de)矛盾，《通(tong)知(zhi)》一(yi)(yi)方面要求(qiu)(qiu)直(zhi)(zhi)連項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)投資者承擔專線(xian)(xian)建設(she)成本，通(tong)過收(shou)益與成本的(de)市場化平衡(heng)激(ji)發(fa)投資活(huo)力(li)；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方面，明(ming)(ming)確鼓勵用戶提升系(xi)統友好性(xing)，避免因“搭便(bian)車”導致公共電(dian)(dian)網負(fu)擔轉(zhuan)嫁。為保證系(xi)統安全，《通(tong)知(zhi)》進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了相(xiang)關規范，進(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)步(bu)細(xi)化上網電(dian)(dian)量比(bi)例、退出機(ji)制(zhi)等(deng)具體要求(qiu)(qiu)，引(yin)導項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)科學合(he)理(li)(li)評估需求(qiu)(qiu)，避免出現實際運行(xing)與設(she)計方案(an)出現較大偏差、新能源消(xiao)納(na)不及預期等(deng)情況。

“綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)”雖然(ran)(ran)是能源領(ling)域的創(chuang)新之舉，具有廣闊(kuo)的發展(zhan)前(qian)景，但(dan)用戶不僅要承擔建(jian)設成(cheng)本(ben)，還(huan)要面(mian)臨市(shi)場交易與(yu)收益的不確定性(xing)(xing)，綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)在推進(jin)過程中(zhong)面(mian)臨著(zhu)安全、經濟(ji)、技(ji)術等(deng)多重風險。必(bi)(bi)須要看到(dao)，電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)(xi)統本(ben)身就(jiu)是最大的網源荷儲系(xi)(xi)(xi)統，“綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)”形成(cheng)的小系(xi)(xi)(xi)統，在可靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)相同的前(qian)提下，必(bi)(bi)然(ran)(ran)經濟(ji)性(xing)(xing)低于(yu)大系(xi)(xi)(xi)統，因此減少對(dui)(dui)于(yu)大系(xi)(xi)(xi)統依賴、自由選擇(ze)可靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)是小系(xi)(xi)(xi)統獲(huo)得相對(dui)(dui)經濟(ji)性(xing)(xing)的必(bi)(bi)然(ran)(ran)選擇(ze)。《通知》不失為(wei)一次迎(ying)難而上的試水(shui)，以“綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)”試點為(wei)契機，凝聚政(zheng)府(fu)、企業和科研機構等(deng)各方合力，加大技(ji)術研發投(tou)入，完善市(shi)場機制(zhi)和監管體系(xi)(xi)(xi)，為(wei)清潔能源的高(gao)效利用開(kai)辟新道路。（華(hua)能集團能源研究(jiu)院(yuan)(yuan)副院(yuan)(yuan)長 陳大宇(yu)）