建議(yi)明確跨省區(qu)機組(zu)平衡關系(xi)歸屬，落實跨省區(qu)機組(zu)容量費用的合理(li)分攤。

（來源(yuan)：能(neng)源(yuan)新媒 文/馮子珊）

2023年11月8日，國家發改委、國家能源局聯合印發了《關于建立煤電容量電價機制的通知》（發改價格〔2023〕1501號）（簡稱“通知”），要求自2024年1月1日起在全國建立煤電容量電價機制，成為我國電價市場化改革的“里程碑”和重大突破，其中明確了容量電費由工商業用戶分(fen)攤(tan)，且針(zhen)對跨省跨區外送電量的(de)容量電費初步建立了(le)分(fen)攤(tan)機制。

容量電(dian)(dian)價并非(fei)發給煤電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)“補貼”，而是購買有(you)效容量的(de)(de)付費。為進一步優化容量電(dian)(dian)費的(de)(de)分攤機制(zhi)，建議明確跨省(sheng)區(qu)送(song)受(shou)電(dian)(dian)在送(song)端省(sheng)內的(de)(de)“角色”，根據實際服務的(de)(de)提供落實跨省(sheng)區(qu)機組容量費用(yong)的(de)(de)合(he)理分攤，推動(dong)我國電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場的(de)(de)進一步完(wan)善。

我國容量電(dian)價機制

《通知》針(zhen)對容(rong)(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費分(fen)攤做(zuo)出明確要求，均(jun)由工(gong)商業(ye)用(yong)(yong)戶進行分(fen)攤。其(qi)中，省內(nei)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費納入省內(nei)系(xi)統運行費用(yong)(yong)，每月(yue)由工(gong)商業(ye)用(yong)(yong)戶按當(dang)月(yue)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量比例(li)分(fen)攤；省間容(rong)(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費區分(fen)是否(fou)納入受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省份電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量平衡分(fen)別作(zuo)出要求。

對納(na)入受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)份電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)平衡(heng)的跨省(sheng)跨區(qu)外送(song)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)，送(song)受雙方要通(tong)過合(he)約明確煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費分攤比例(li)和履約責任等內(nei)容(rong)(rong)。其中，點對網送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)不參與(yu)送(song)端省(sheng)份電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統，由受端省(sheng)份承(cheng)擔容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費；網對網送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)原則上執行(xing)送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)份容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)，由送(song)受兩端協商分攤容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費。對未納(na)入受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)份電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)平衡(heng)的跨省(sheng)跨區(qu)外送(song)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)，由送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)份承(cheng)擔其容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費。

實際落實過程(cheng)中，網對(dui)網外送電的容(rong)量(liang)電費落實存在操(cao)作上的難題，一是政府(fu)之間很難快速(su)達成協(xie)議。二是由電源市場化(hua)跨(kua)省(sheng)出售的年度電量(liang)，由于電源的容(rong)量(liang)費有送端(duan)省(sheng)用戶(hu)兜底，對(dui)爭取受端(duan)省(sheng)支付容(rong)量(liang)電費缺乏(fa)積極性。

國外容量(liang)市場模式

目前我國采用集(ji)中式電(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)，與美國電(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)較為(wei)(wei)類似(si)，故以(yi)美國較為(wei)(wei)成熟的(de)(de)(de)PJM容量市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)為(wei)(wei)例。PJM容量市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)主要交易模型(xing)為(wei)(wei)可靠性(xing)定(ding)價模型(xing)，包(bao)括1個基本(ben)拍賣市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)、3個追(zhui)加拍賣市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)和(he)1個雙邊市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)。基本(ben)拍賣市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)提前3年舉(ju)行(xing)，PJM根(gen)據(ju)對3年后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)負荷預(yu)測，組織容量擁有者競(jing)價，以(yi)滿足(zu)電(dian)網3年后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)機組容量需(xu)求，購買容量的(de)(de)(de)費用根(gen)據(ju)規則分(fen)攤(tan)給(gei)負荷服務(wu)商。追(zhui)加拍賣市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)和(he)雙邊市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)主要用于在基本(ben)拍賣至執(zhi)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)三年內，補充無法執(zhi)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)容量并允許市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)主體間進行(xing)容量轉讓。

容量市場(chang)(chang)購買的是頂峰容量的充(chong)裕性(xing)。在美(mei)國PJM容量市場(chang)(chang)中(zhong)，PJM區域外的資源供應商(shang)可自愿參(can)與PJM容量市場(chang)(chang)，如(ru)果(guo)選擇參(can)與則需要(yao)滿足PJM電(dian)力市場(chang)(chang)手冊(ce)和協議(yi)的要(yao)求(qiu)，在PJM市場(chang)(chang)中(zhong)注冊(ce)并與PJM市場(chang)(chang)有(you)物理(li)連接、能夠(gou)在市場(chang)(chang)中(zhong)提供有(you)效容量。PJM區域外的負(fu)荷如(ru)果(guo)要(yao)參(can)與PJM容量市場(chang)(chang)，需要(yao)由PJM負(fu)荷服務(wu)商(shang)提供服務(wu)，并納入PJM電(dian)力市場(chang)(chang)的負(fu)荷預測和運行(xing)。

由于美國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統主要由交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)組成(cheng)，遠程直流送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)較少，容(rong)量市(shi)場依托區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)內交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)進(jin)行調度和服務，跨區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)發(fa)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也僅在臨(lin)近區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)開展。所以(yi)，在PJM容(rong)量市(shi)場中，無(wu)(wu)論是跨區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)還是用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，均需要市(shi)場主體以(yi)參與PJM電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場為基本前提，并在PJM市(shi)場中可(ke)調度、可(ke)服務，才能參與PJM容(rong)量市(shi)場，獲得容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費收入，不符合(he)任何條(tiao)件(jian)之一(yi)無(wu)(wu)法獲得容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費。

國內外(wai)對比分析(xi)

對(dui)比我國煤電(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)價機制和(he)(he)美(mei)國PJM電(dian)力容量(liang)市(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)跨網（市(shi)場(chang)）容量(liang)政策，美(mei)國PJM容量(liang)市(shi)場(chang)以電(dian)能(neng)量(liang)市(shi)場(chang)調度為(wei)基(ji)準(zhun)，僅允許參(can)與(yu)其電(dian)能(neng)量(liang)市(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)主(zhu)體參(can)與(yu)容量(liang)市(shi)場(chang)，將容量(liang)視為(wei)電(dian)能(neng)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)附屬產品；同時根據電(dian)能(neng)量(liang)市(shi)場(chang)能(neng)夠控(kong)制和(he)(he)調度的(de)(de)(de)范圍(wei)，以實際調度能(neng)力為(wei)標(biao)準(zhun)界定(ding)參(can)與(yu)容量(liang)市(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)主(zhu)體。

由于電(dian)(dian)力現貨(huo)市(shi)場尚未在(zai)(zai)全國(guo)(guo)建立，我國(guo)(guo)容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價政策(ce)中，對跨省區機(ji)組的容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)機(ji)制(zhi)與美國(guo)(guo)容量(liang)(liang)市(shi)場運行機(ji)制(zhi)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)定不同(tong)。一(yi)方面，我國(guo)(guo)容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價政策(ce)未以電(dian)(dian)能量(liang)(liang)市(shi)場（現貨(huo)市(shi)場）為基準，跨省區外(wai)送電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)主要(yao)通過(guo)政府間協議簽訂電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)合約(yue)，作為省內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)能量(liang)(liang)市(shi)場的出清邊界，不參與省內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)能量(liang)(liang)市(shi)場，無法直(zhi)接為省內(nei)(nei)提供隨時可調度(du)容量(liang)(liang)。

另(ling)一(yi)方面(mian)，我(wo)國跨省跨區機組容(rong)量(liang)未明確(que)送端(duan)(duan)、受端(duan)(duan)省份的(de)(de)平(ping)衡關(guan)系，在調度該容(rong)量(liang)時(shi)，需(xu)要送受兩端(duan)(duan)調度進(jin)行即時(shi)協商，將導致兩端(duan)(duan)均(jun)無(wu)法(fa)快速(su)使(shi)用(yong)跨省跨區機組的(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)，導致給予的(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)電費存在無(wu)法(fa)獲(huo)得應有可用(yong)容(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)可能，所以(yi)通知中設置了(le)考核條款。

此(ci)外(wai)，目前(qian)容(rong)(rong)量電價政策中，網對網外(wai)送(song)機組（非(fei)獨立控制區）容(rong)(rong)量電價規(gui)定，原則上執(zhi)行送(song)電省份(fen)容(rong)(rong)量電價，由(you)(you)送(song)受兩(liang)端(duan)協商分攤容(rong)(rong)量電費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，未將(jiang)容(rong)(rong)量電費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)分攤與電能(neng)量市(shi)場的(de)參與情況(kuang)相關聯。由(you)(you)于在多數非(fei)供需緊張時段送(song)端(duan)價格協商效(xiao)率很低，且執(zhi)行送(song)端(duan)容(rong)(rong)量電價，容(rong)(rong)量電費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)用可能(neng)多數由(you)(you)送(song)端(duan)省份(fen)承擔，將(jiang)影響送(song)受兩(liang)端(duan)工(gong)商業用戶支付容(rong)(rong)量電費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)公平性。

我國系(xi)統運行費支(zhi)付政策(ce)的建議(yi)

我(wo)國遠程送電(dian)電(dian)量(liang)占比較(jiao)大，對送受兩(liang)端(duan)電(dian)力供需平衡均起到較(jiao)為(wei)重要的作用(yong)(yong)。為(wei)增強容量(liang)電(dian)費(fei)(fei)政策(ce)的公平性、保障跨省(sheng)區(qu)外送機(ji)組成本回收(shou)能(neng)力，建(jian)議(yi)明(ming)確跨省(sheng)區(qu)機(ji)組平衡關系(xi)(xi)歸(gui)屬，落實跨省(sheng)區(qu)機(ji)組容量(liang)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)的合理(li)分攤。同(tong)時，由于容量(liang)電(dian)價補償與輔助服(fu)務市場費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)作為(wei)系(xi)(xi)統運行費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)，兩(liang)者的支(zhi)付機(ji)制較(jiao)為(wei)類(lei)似(si)，故(gu)輔助服(fu)務費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)也應按(an)照與容量(liang)電(dian)費(fei)(fei)相(xiang)似(si)的邏輯，明(ming)確平衡關系(xi)(xi)并合理(li)分攤相(xiang)關費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)。

一方面，要(yao)明確跨省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)區機組在(zai)送受(shou)兩端的(de)平衡(heng)(heng)關(guan)系歸屬。目前非配套電源(yuan)的(de)跨省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)區機組僅根據政府間(jian)協(xie)議(yi)將(jiang)電能(neng)量(liang)送出，隨著跨省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)區容(rong)量(liang)電費機制的(de)出臺和輔(fu)助(zhu)服務(wu)(wu)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)發展，機組容(rong)量(liang)及(ji)輔(fu)助(zhu)服務(wu)(wu)的(de)平衡(heng)(heng)關(guan)系亟需明確。按(an)照(zhao)美國PJM市(shi)場(chang)(chang)設計原(yuan)理，容(rong)量(liang)和輔(fu)助(zhu)服務(wu)(wu)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)為電能(neng)量(liang)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)附(fu)(fu)屬產品，應隨電能(neng)量(liang)的(de)送出將(jiang)該部(bu)分電能(neng)量(liang)相關(guan)的(de)平衡(heng)(heng)決定(ding)權(quan)給予受(shou)端省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)份，并要(yao)求受(shou)端省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)份為該部(bu)分電能(neng)量(liang)所附(fu)(fu)帶(dai)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)及(ji)輔(fu)助(zhu)服務(wu)(wu)付費，避免送受(shou)兩端由于緊張時段平衡(heng)(heng)關(guan)系不明確導致(zhi)在(zai)容(rong)量(liang)及(ji)輔(fu)助(zhu)服務(wu)(wu)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)中(zhong)權(quan)責不對等的(de)情況。

另一方面，要落實跨省(sheng)區機(ji)(ji)組(zu)系統(tong)運行(xing)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合理分(fen)(fen)攤。由于(yu)省(sheng)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統(tong)以交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，即使(shi)直(zhi)流(liu)配套(tao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)與當地(di)也有交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)連接(jie)（相當于(yu)“點對網”交(jiao)(jiao)易、“網對網”送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，仍是送(song)(song)(song)端(duan)(duan)(duan)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一部分(fen)(fen)），電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)上送(song)(song)(song)端(duan)(duan)(duan)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)網后(hou)無(wu)(wu)法區分(fen)(fen)每度電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)者，跨省(sheng)區機(ji)(ji)組(zu)在(zai)外(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)(song)關(guan)口(kou)上取出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，自然無(wu)(wu)法確定(ding)(ding)其外(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de)每一度電(dian)(dian)(dian)能量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)是否為(wei)(wei)本機(ji)(ji)組(zu)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，相當于(yu)外(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)(song)過程中(zhong)會(hui)將(jiang)(jiang)全網內的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)送(song)(song)(song)出(chu)（雪(xue)碧(bi)加紅酒是不(bu)(bu)能只喝(he)酒不(bu)(bu)喝(he)雪(xue)碧(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)），在(zai)送(song)(song)(song)出(chu)關(guan)口(kou)取出(chu)外(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時外(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)表現(xian)出(chu)了和(he)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)相同的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)特(te)性（從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)(de)“池子”里抽水）。那么，外(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)(song)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)送(song)(song)(song)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)就應該(gai)在(zai)送(song)(song)(song)端(duan)(duan)(duan)省(sheng)份作為(wei)(wei)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)主(zhu)體參與容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)輔助服務(wu)(wu)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)分(fen)(fen)攤，承擔(dan)送(song)(song)(song)端(duan)(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)(de)“用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)”責任（送(song)(song)(song)端(duan)(duan)(duan)有效(xiao)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)輔助服務(wu)(wu)是系統(tong)產(chan)品為(wei)(wei)“當地(di)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)+外(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)”服務(wu)(wu)）；扮演“用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)”并(bing)不(bu)(bu)影響(xiang)外(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)在(zai)送(song)(song)(song)端(duan)(duan)(duan)省(sheng)份作為(wei)(wei)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)主(zhu)體參與容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)輔助服務(wu)(wu)市場(chang)并(bing)獲得(de)補(bu)償(chang)。送(song)(song)(song)端(duan)(duan)(duan)省(sheng)份在(zai)制定(ding)(ding)送(song)(song)(song)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)價格時，應將(jiang)(jiang)系統(tong)運行(xing)成(cheng)本涵蓋(gai)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)能量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)價格中(zhong)，間接(jie)將(jiang)(jiang)該(gai)成(cheng)本轉嫁至(zhi)受端(duan)(duan)(duan)省(sheng)份工商業承擔(dan)，平衡送(song)(song)(song)受兩端(duan)(duan)(duan)系統(tong)運行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)責任與補(bu)償(chang)。

目前，我(wo)國已出(chu)臺(tai)煤電(dian)容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)政策，通過定(ding)價(jia)方式反(fan)映了(le)煤電(dian)機組的(de)容(rong)量(liang)價(jia)值，開啟了(le)向容(rong)量(liang)市場邁(mai)進的(de)步伐。針對跨省跨區(qu)煤電(dian)機組的(de)容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)費(fei)分攤方式，《通知(zhi)》中也(ye)做(zuo)出(chu)了(le)初步的(de)要(yao)求。

通(tong)(tong)知關于外送受(shou)電容量(liang)電費(fei)(fei)的(de)規定，可(ke)在(zai)落(luo)(luo)實過程中對比(bi)較為(wei)成(cheng)熟的(de)美國PJM容量(liang)市(shi)場(chang)機制，跨(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)區(qu)煤(mei)電機組(zu)(zu)對應(ying)容量(liang)電費(fei)(fei)及與其相類似的(de)輔助服(fu)務(wu)費(fei)(fei)收取支付，應(ying)以電能量(liang)市(shi)場(chang)平衡關系(xi)(xi)(xi)為(wei)基準(zhun)，通(tong)(tong)過明確跨(kua)省(sheng)區(qu)機組(zu)(zu)在(zai)送受(shou)兩端(duan)的(de)平衡關系(xi)(xi)(xi)歸屬(shu)，以外送受(shou)電量(liang)為(wei)“擺渡舟”，落(luo)(luo)實跨(kua)省(sheng)區(qu)機組(zu)(zu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統運(yun)行費(fei)(fei)用(yong)在(zai)送受(shou)兩端(duan)工商(shang)業用(yong)戶的(de)合理分攤，推動電力市(shi)場(chang)化改革，完善我國新型電力系(xi)(xi)(xi)統建設。