在全(quan)球氣候治理格局深度(du)重構的(de)(de)背景下，“綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連”作為破解能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)轉型與碳(tan)關稅(shui)壁壘雙(shuang)重挑(tiao)戰的(de)(de)制度(du)創新，逐漸進入人們的(de)(de)視(shi)野。國家發(fa)展改(gai)革委、國家能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)局印發(fa)《關于有(you)(you)序推動綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連發(fa)展有(you)(you)關事項的(de)(de)通(tong)知》（以下簡稱《通(tong)知》）開展綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連試點項目，旨在提(ti)升清潔能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)利用(yong)效率(lv)、提(ti)升綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)物理屬性，這(zhe)種創新模式(shi)將綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)消費在時間(jian)精度(du)和(he)發(fa)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)位置上的(de)(de)顆粒度(du)進一步提(ti)升，為全(quan)國新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)產(chan)業的(de)(de)發(fa)展提(ti)供(gong)了有(you)(you)益的(de)(de)探索和(he)借鑒。

從國際視角來看，根據(ju)歐盟(meng)去(qu)年(nian)4月公布的(de)《新電(dian)(dian)池法(fa)案(an)》下的(de)碳足跡計(ji)算(suan)規則草案(an)及各(ge)國(guo)對于(yu)電(dian)(dian)力直連的(de)概念，“連接獨立發電(dian)(dian)站點(dian)與(yu)獨立用戶(hu)之間的(de)電(dian)(dian)力線路，或連接發電(dian)(dian)企業與(yu)電(dian)(dian)力供(gong)應商直接為其自(zi)有場(chang)所、子公司及客戶(hu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力線路”，“綠電(dian)(dian)直連”應是通(tong)過“拉專線”的(de)方(fang)式(shi)連接新能源電(dian)(dian)站與(yu)用戶(hu)。有意思(si)的(de)是，在歐盟(meng)各(ge)國(guo)實踐中并未切斷與(yu)大電(dian)(dian)網的(de)聯系(xi)，根(gen)據美國(guo)國(guo)際開發署（USAID）統(tong)計，在歐(ou)盟已經(jing)展開(kai)綠電直連(lian)(lian)(lian)實(shi)踐(jian)的(de)國家中，拉脫維亞直連(lian)(lian)(lian)線路(lu)的(de)用(yong)(yong)戶有權(quan)保(bao)持(chi)與(yu)系統(tong)的(de)永久(jiu)(jiu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)接作為備用(yong)(yong)，或者(zhe)在用(yong)(yong)戶沒有安(an)裝永久(jiu)(jiu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)接的(de)情況下，要求系統(tong)運營(ying)商安(an)裝備用(yong)(yong)連(lian)(lian)(lian)接。波(bo)蘭政(zheng)府認為，將(jiang)“直連(lian)(lian)(lian)線路(lu)”的(de)定義狹隘地理解為在孤島(dao)系統(tong)內運行，違反了歐(ou)盟指(zhi)令。

中(zhong)國方案展(zhan)現出(chu)顯著的系統性優勢(shi)。一是制(zhi)度創新：構建與國際規則(ze)兼容的本(ben)土化框架。在我國(guo)目(mu)前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統中（不(bu)含(han)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)直接供(gong)應(ying)），幾乎全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)都是先連接到輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)再通過配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)輸送給用(yong)戶，不(bu)同(tong)類型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)生(sheng)產(chan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)上網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)后受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣規(gui)律和基爾(er)霍夫定律等(deng)影響，各(ge)種(zhong)類型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力“眾流歸源(yuan)”一樣混淆在一起(qi)，用(yong)戶無(wu)法明(ming)確(que)使用(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力由哪(na)個發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠提供(gong)，也(ye)(ye)無(wu)法分(fen)(fen)辨用(yong)戶在某(mou)一瞬間使用(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力屬于哪(na)種(zhong)類型(xing)。用(yong)戶與(yu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并(bing)不(bu)存(cun)在物(wu)理(li)上的(de)可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)生(sheng)產(chan)消費的(de)“可(ke)追溯”，“漂綠(lv)(lv)”帶來(lai)的(de)道(dao)德問題，引發諸多爭議。《通知》首次明(ming)確(que)了綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連的(de)定義，“指風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、生(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)不(bu)直接接入公(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，通過直連線(xian)路向單一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用(yong)戶供(gong)給綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)實(shi)現供(gong)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)清晰物(wu)理(li)溯源(yuan)的(de)模式”。同(tong)時(shi)按照(zhao)負荷是否(fou)接入公(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)分(fen)(fen)為并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)和離(li)(li)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)兩類。并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)項(xiang)目(mu)作為整體(ti)接入公(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，與(yu)公(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)形成清晰的(de)物(wu)理(li)界(jie)面與(yu)責任界(jie)面，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)應(ying)接入用(yong)戶和公(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)產(chan)權分(fen)(fen)界(jie)點(dian)的(de)用(yong)戶側。這一制度設計既回應(ying)了歐盟對綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連的(de)強制要求，也(ye)(ye)創新(xin)性地界(jie)定了“安全責任界(jie)面”，通過產(chan)權分(fen)(fen)界(jie)點(dian)的(de)物(wu)理(li)切割的(de)方式，創造了“物(wu)理(li)隔離(li)(li)+市(shi)場聯通”的雙軌(gui)機制，既保(bao)障(zhang)了公共(gong)電(dian)網安全穩定運行，又賦予(yu)市(shi)場主體更大的自主權，將電(dian)力(li)從“通用商品(pin)”升(sheng)級為“低碳通行證”。

二是回(hui)歸(gui)了分布式光伏發電的初(chu)心和本源(yuan)。長久(jiu)以(yi)來，綠電(dian)(dian)沒(mei)有(you)參與現貨的結(jie)算，綠電(dian)(dian)簽約(yue)(yue)雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)也沒(mei)有(you)在(zai)合同(tong)中(zhong)約(yue)(yue)定結(jie)算參考(kao)點(dian)及平衡責(ze)任(ren)承(cheng)擔(dan)方(fang)(fang)等(deng)內容，綠電(dian)(dian)合同(tong)對應的發電(dian)(dian)及用(yong)戶均未承(cheng)擔(dan)相關(guan)責(ze)任(ren)。《通知》突破傳統(tong)綠電(dian)(dian)交易“證書虛(xu)擬交割”模(mo)式(shi)，首創(chuang)“物(wu)理直連+市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)結(jie)算”雙輪(lun)驅(qu)動，并網(wang)(wang)型(xing)項目應按(an)照(zhao)“以荷定源(yuan)”，現(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)連(lian)續(xu)運(yun)行(xing)地區可采取整體自(zi)發自(zi)用(yong)為主，余電上(shang)網(wang)(wang)為輔的(de)模式；現(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)未連(lian)續(xu)運(yun)行(xing)地區，不(bu)允許向(xiang)公共電網(wang)(wang)反送。同時，在交(jiao)易方面，并網(wang)(wang)型(xing)綠電直(zhi)連(lian)項目享平等(deng)的(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)地位，按(an)照(zhao)《電力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)注冊基本規則》進行(xing)注冊，原(yuan)(yuan)則上(shang)應作為整體參與電力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)交(jiao)易，根(gen)據市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)交(jiao)易結(jie)果(guo)安排生產，并按(an)照(zhao)與公共電網(wang)(wang)的(de)交(jiao)換功(gong)率進行(xing)結(jie)算。項目負荷不(bu)得由電網(wang)(wang)企業代(dai)理(li)(li)購(gou)電。《通知》為源(yuan)網(wang)(wang)荷儲參與市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化交(jiao)易開辟(pi)了新路(lu)徑(jing)，這(zhe)既落實了《分布式光伏發電開發建設管理(li)(li)辦法(fa)》的(de)改革要求，又實現(xian)了《關于深(shen)化新能(neng)源(yuan)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)電價市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化改革 促進新能(neng)源(yuan)高質量發展(zhan)的(de)通知》中新能(neng)源(yuan)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)電量原(yuan)(yuan)則上(shang)全(quan)部(bu)進入電力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)政策目標。

三是加強組織保(bao)障、創新發展(zhan)模式。風能(neng)、太陽能(neng)等(deng)間歇性(xing)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，給“綠(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)”用戶的連(lian)續(xu)性(xing)和穩定性(xing)帶(dai)來(lai)挑戰。《通知(zhi)》要求，并網型綠(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)項(xiang)(xiang)目應(ying)通過(guo)合理配置儲(chu)能(neng)、挖掘負(fu)荷靈(ling)活(huo)調(diao)節(jie)潛力等(deng)方式，充分提(ti)升(sheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)調(diao)節(jie)能(neng)力，盡可(ke)能(neng)減(jian)少(shao)系統(tong)調(diao)節(jie)壓力。《通知(zhi)》明(ming)(ming)確，綠(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)項(xiang)(xiang)目原則上(shang)由(you)負(fu)荷作為主責(ze)單位。項(xiang)(xiang)目電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)由(you)負(fu)荷投(tou)(tou)資(zi)，直(zhi)連(lian)專(zhuan)線原則上(shang)應(ying)由(you)負(fu)荷、電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)主體投(tou)(tou)資(zi)。為破解新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)波動(dong)性(xing)與(yu)工業連(lian)續(xu)生產的矛(mao)盾(dun)，《通知(zhi)》一方面要求直(zhi)連(lian)項(xiang)(xiang)目投(tou)(tou)資(zi)者承擔專(zhuan)線建設成本(ben)，通過(guo)收益(yi)與(yu)成本(ben)的市場(chang)化(hua)平衡激(ji)發投(tou)(tou)資(zi)活(huo)力；另一方面，明(ming)(ming)確鼓勵用戶提(ti)升(sheng)系統(tong)友好(hao)性(xing)，避免因(yin)“搭(da)便車(che)”導(dao)致(zhi)公共電(dian)網負(fu)擔轉嫁(jia)。為保證系統(tong)安(an)全，《通知(zhi)》進(jin)行了相關規范，進(jin)一步細(xi)化(hua)上(shang)網電(dian)量(liang)比例、退出(chu)(chu)機制等(deng)具體要求，引導(dao)項(xiang)(xiang)目科學合理評(ping)估需求，避免出(chu)(chu)現實際(ji)運行與(yu)設計方案出(chu)(chu)現較大偏差(cha)、新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消納不(bu)及預期(qi)等(deng)情況。

“綠電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)”雖然是能(neng)源(yuan)領域的(de)(de)創新之舉，具有廣闊(kuo)的(de)(de)發展前景，但(dan)用戶不僅要承擔建設(she)成本，還要面臨市場交易與收益的(de)(de)不確(que)定(ding)性(xing)，綠電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)在推進過程中面臨著安(an)全(quan)、經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)、技術(shu)等(deng)多重風險(xian)。必(bi)須(xu)要看到，電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)本身就是最大(da)的(de)(de)網源(yuan)荷儲系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，“綠電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)”形成的(de)(de)小系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，在可(ke)靠性(xing)相(xiang)同的(de)(de)前提下(xia)，必(bi)然經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)性(xing)低于大(da)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，因此減(jian)少對于大(da)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)依賴、自(zi)由選(xuan)擇(ze)可(ke)靠性(xing)是小系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)獲得相(xiang)對經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)性(xing)的(de)(de)必(bi)然選(xuan)擇(ze)。《通知(zhi)》不失為一次迎難(nan)而上(shang)的(de)(de)試水，以(yi)“綠電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)”試點為契機，凝聚政府(fu)、企(qi)業(ye)和科研(yan)機構等(deng)各方合力(li)，加大(da)技術(shu)研(yan)發投入，完善(shan)市場機制和監管體(ti)系(xi)(xi)，為清潔(jie)能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)高效利用開辟新道路。（華(hua)能(neng)集團(tuan)能(neng)源(yuan)研(yan)究院副院長 陳大(da)宇）