在全球氣候治理格局深度(du)(du)重(zhong)構(gou)的(de)背景下，“綠電(dian)直連”作為破解能(neng)源轉型與(yu)碳關稅(shui)壁壘雙重(zhong)挑戰的(de)制(zhi)度(du)(du)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)，逐漸進(jin)入人們的(de)視野。國家發(fa)展(zhan)改革委(wei)、國家能(neng)源局印發(fa)《關于有序推動綠電(dian)直連發(fa)展(zhan)有關事(shi)項的(de)通知》（以下簡(jian)稱《通知》）開展(zhan)綠電(dian)直連試點(dian)項目，旨在提升(sheng)清潔能(neng)源利用效(xiao)率、提升(sheng)綠電(dian)的(de)物理屬性，這種創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)模(mo)式將綠電(dian)消費(fei)在時間(jian)精度(du)(du)和發(fa)用電(dian)位置上的(de)顆粒度(du)(du)進(jin)一步提升(sheng)，為全國新(xin)能(neng)源產(chan)業的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)提供了有益的(de)探索和借鑒。

從國際視角來看，根據歐(ou)盟去年4月公(gong)布(bu)的(de)《新電(dian)(dian)池法(fa)案(an)》下(xia)的(de)碳足跡計算規則草案(an)及各國(guo)對于電(dian)(dian)力直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)的(de)概(gai)念，“連(lian)接(jie)(jie)獨(du)立(li)發電(dian)(dian)站點與獨(du)立(li)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)之間的(de)電(dian)(dian)力線路，或(huo)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)發電(dian)(dian)企業與電(dian)(dian)力供應(ying)(ying)商(shang)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)(jie)為其自有(you)場所、子公(gong)司及客戶(hu)(hu)供電(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力線路”，“綠電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)”應(ying)(ying)是通過“拉專線”的(de)方(fang)式連(lian)接(jie)(jie)新能源電(dian)(dian)站與用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)。有(you)意(yi)思的(de)是，在歐(ou)盟各國(guo)實踐中并(bing)未切斷與大電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)聯系(xi)，根(gen)據美國(guo)國(guo)際開發署（USAID）統計，在(zai)歐(ou)盟已(yi)經(jing)展開綠電直(zhi)連(lian)實踐的(de)國家中(zhong)，拉脫維亞(ya)直(zhi)連(lian)線(xian)路的(de)用(yong)戶有權(quan)保持與(yu)系統的(de)永久連(lian)接作為備(bei)用(yong)，或者在(zai)用(yong)戶沒有安裝永久連(lian)接的(de)情況下，要(yao)求系統運營(ying)商(shang)安裝備(bei)用(yong)連(lian)接。波蘭(lan)政府認為，將“直(zhi)連(lian)線(xian)路”的(de)定義狹(xia)隘地理解為在(zai)孤島系統內運行，違(wei)反了歐(ou)盟指(zhi)令。

中國(guo)方(fang)案展現出顯著(zhu)的系(xi)統性(xing)優勢。一(yi)是(shi)制度創新：構建與(yu)國(guo)際規則兼容的本土化框(kuang)架(jia)。在我國(guo)目(mu)前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統中（不含分(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)直(zhi)(zhi)接供應），幾乎(hu)全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)都是先連(lian)(lian)接到輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網再通過配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網輸(shu)送給用(yong)(yong)戶，不同(tong)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)生(sheng)產電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)上(shang)網后受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣規律(lv)和(he)基爾(er)霍夫定(ding)律(lv)等(deng)影響，各種類(lei)(lei)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力“眾流歸源(yuan)(yuan)”一(yi)樣(yang)混淆在一(yi)起，用(yong)(yong)戶無法(fa)明確使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力由哪個發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠提供，也(ye)無法(fa)分(fen)辨用(yong)(yong)戶在某(mou)一(yi)瞬間使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力屬(shu)于(yu)哪種類(lei)(lei)型(xing)。用(yong)(yong)戶與(yu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并(bing)不存在物(wu)理(li)(li)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量生(sheng)產消(xiao)費的(de)(de)(de)“可(ke)追溯(su)”，“漂綠(lv)”帶來的(de)(de)(de)道德問題，引(yin)發(fa)(fa)諸多爭(zheng)議。《通知》首(shou)次明確了綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)義，“指(zhi)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、生(sheng)物(wu)質發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)不直(zhi)(zhi)接接入(ru)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網，通過直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)(lian)線(xian)路向單一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用(yong)(yong)戶供給綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)實現供給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量清(qing)晰物(wu)理(li)(li)溯(su)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)模式(shi)”。同(tong)時按照負荷是否接入(ru)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網分(fen)為并(bing)網型(xing)和(he)離網型(xing)兩類(lei)(lei)。并(bing)網型(xing)項(xiang)目(mu)作(zuo)為整體接入(ru)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網，與(yu)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網形成清(qing)晰的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理(li)(li)界面(mian)與(yu)責任界面(mian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)應接入(ru)用(yong)(yong)戶和(he)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網產權分(fen)界點的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)戶側。這一(yi)制度設計既(ji)回應了歐盟(meng)對綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)強制要求，也(ye)創(chuang)新性地(di)界定(ding)了“安全責任界面(mian)”，通過產權分(fen)界點的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理(li)(li)切割的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)，創(chuang)造了“物(wu)理(li)(li)隔離+市場聯通”的雙軌機制，既保障了(le)公(gong)共電(dian)網(wang)安全(quan)穩定運行，又賦予市場主體更大的自(zi)主權(quan)，將電(dian)力從“通用商品”升級為“低碳通行證”。

二(er)是回(hui)歸(gui)了分布(bu)式光伏發電的初心(xin)和(he)本源(yuan)。長久以來，綠電(dian)沒有參(can)與(yu)現(xian)貨的結算(suan)，綠電(dian)簽約(yue)雙方也沒有在合(he)同(tong)中約(yue)定(ding)結算(suan)參(can)考點及(ji)平衡責任承(cheng)擔(dan)方等內容，綠電(dian)合(he)同(tong)對應的發電(dian)及(ji)用戶均未(wei)承(cheng)擔(dan)相關責任。《通知》突破傳統綠電(dian)交(jiao)易“證書虛(xu)擬(ni)交(jiao)割”模式(shi)，首創(chuang)“物理直(zhi)連+市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)結算”雙輪驅(qu)動(dong)，并網(wang)型項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)應(ying)(ying)按(an)(an)照(zhao)“以荷定源(yuan)(yuan)”，現貨市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)連(lian)續(xu)運行(xing)地區(qu)(qu)可(ke)采(cai)取(qu)整(zheng)體自(zi)發(fa)自(zi)用為(wei)(wei)主，余電(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)網(wang)為(wei)(wei)輔的模式；現貨市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)未連(lian)續(xu)運行(xing)地區(qu)(qu)，不(bu)(bu)允許向公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)反(fan)送(song)。同時，在交易方面，并網(wang)型綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)直連(lian)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)享平等的市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)地位，按(an)(an)照(zhao)《電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)注冊基(ji)本(ben)規(gui)則(ze)》進(jin)行(xing)注冊，原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)上(shang)(shang)(shang)應(ying)(ying)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)整(zheng)體參(can)(can)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)交易，根據(ju)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)交易結果(guo)安排生產，并按(an)(an)照(zhao)與公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的交換功(gong)率進(jin)行(xing)結算。項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)負(fu)荷不(bu)(bu)得(de)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業代理購電(dian)(dian)(dian)。《通知(zhi)》為(wei)(wei)源(yuan)(yuan)網(wang)荷儲參(can)(can)與市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化交易開辟了新路徑，這(zhe)既落實(shi)了《分布式光(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)開發(fa)建設(she)管理辦法(fa)》的改(gai)革要求(qiu)，又實(shi)現了《關于(yu)深化新能源(yuan)(yuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化改(gai)革 促進(jin)新能源(yuan)(yuan)高質量發(fa)展的通知(zhi)》中新能源(yuan)(yuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)上(shang)(shang)(shang)全(quan)部進(jin)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的政策目(mu)(mu)標。

三是加強組織(zhi)保障、創新發展模式。風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)間歇(xie)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)源，給“綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連”用(yong)戶的(de)連續性和穩(wen)定性帶來挑戰(zhan)。《通(tong)知(zhi)》要求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，并網型綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連項(xiang)(xiang)目應通(tong)過合理配置儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)、挖掘(jue)負荷(he)靈活調節(jie)潛力等(deng)方(fang)式，充(chong)分(fen)提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目靈活性調節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力，盡可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)減少(shao)系(xi)統調節(jie)壓(ya)力。《通(tong)知(zhi)》明確，綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連項(xiang)(xiang)目原則(ze)上(shang)由負荷(he)作為主責單位。項(xiang)(xiang)目電(dian)(dian)源可(ke)由負荷(he)投資(zi)，直(zhi)連專線原則(ze)上(shang)應由負荷(he)、電(dian)(dian)源主體投資(zi)。為破解(jie)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源波動性與(yu)工業(ye)連續生產的(de)矛盾(dun)，《通(tong)知(zhi)》一方(fang)面要求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)直(zhi)連項(xiang)(xiang)目投資(zi)者(zhe)承擔專線建(jian)設成本(ben)(ben)，通(tong)過收(shou)益與(yu)成本(ben)(ben)的(de)市場化平(ping)衡激(ji)發投資(zi)活力；另一方(fang)面，明確鼓勵用(yong)戶提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)系(xi)統友好性，避免(mian)因(yin)“搭便車(che)”導致公共電(dian)(dian)網負擔轉嫁。為保證系(xi)統安全，《通(tong)知(zhi)》進行(xing)了相(xiang)關規(gui)范，進一步(bu)細化上(shang)網電(dian)(dian)量比例、退出機(ji)制等(deng)具(ju)體要求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，引導項(xiang)(xiang)目科學合理評估需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，避免(mian)出現(xian)實際運行(xing)與(yu)設計方(fang)案出現(xian)較大偏差(cha)、新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源消納(na)不及預(yu)期等(deng)情況。

“綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)直連(lian)(lian)(lian)”雖然(ran)(ran)是能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)領域的(de)創新之舉(ju)，具有廣闊的(de)發展(zhan)前景，但(dan)用(yong)戶不僅要(yao)承擔建(jian)設成本(ben)，還要(yao)面(mian)臨市(shi)場交易與收益的(de)不確定性(xing)(xing)，綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)直連(lian)(lian)(lian)在推進(jin)過(guo)程(cheng)中面(mian)臨著安全、經濟、技(ji)術等多重風險(xian)。必(bi)須要(yao)看(kan)到，電(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)本(ben)身就(jiu)是最大的(de)網源(yuan)荷儲系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，“綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)直連(lian)(lian)(lian)”形(xing)成的(de)小(xiao)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，在可靠性(xing)(xing)相同(tong)的(de)前提(ti)下，必(bi)然(ran)(ran)經濟性(xing)(xing)低(di)于(yu)大系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，因(yin)此減少對于(yu)大系(xi)(xi)統(tong)依賴、自由選(xuan)擇(ze)可靠性(xing)(xing)是小(xiao)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)獲得相對經濟性(xing)(xing)的(de)必(bi)然(ran)(ran)選(xuan)擇(ze)。《通知》不失為一次迎難而上的(de)試(shi)水(shui)，以“綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)直連(lian)(lian)(lian)”試(shi)點為契機，凝聚政府、企業和科(ke)研(yan)機構等各方合力，加大技(ji)術研(yan)發投(tou)入(ru)，完善市(shi)場機制和監管體系(xi)(xi)，為清潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的(de)高效利用(yong)開辟新道(dao)路(lu)。（華能(neng)(neng)集團能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)研(yan)究院(yuan)副(fu)院(yuan)長 陳(chen)大宇）