在全(quan)球氣候治理格局深度重構的(de)(de)(de)背(bei)景下(xia)，“綠(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)”作為破解能(neng)源轉型與碳(tan)關稅壁壘雙重挑戰的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)度創新，逐漸進入人們的(de)(de)(de)視野(ye)。國家發展(zhan)改革委、國家能(neng)源局印發《關于有(you)序推動綠(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)發展(zhan)有(you)關事(shi)項的(de)(de)(de)通知》（以下(xia)簡稱《通知》）開展(zhan)綠(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)試(shi)點項目，旨在提升(sheng)清潔能(neng)源利用(yong)效(xiao)率(lv)、提升(sheng)綠(lv)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)物理屬性，這(zhe)種(zhong)創新模式將綠(lv)電(dian)消(xiao)費在時間精(jing)度和(he)發用(yong)電(dian)位(wei)置上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)顆粒度進一步(bu)提升(sheng)，為全(quan)國新能(neng)源產業的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)提供(gong)了(le)有(you)益的(de)(de)(de)探索和(he)借(jie)鑒。

從(cong)國(guo)際(ji)視角來(lai)看，根據歐盟去年4月公(gong)布的《新電(dian)(dian)(dian)池法案》下的碳足(zu)跡計(ji)算規則草案及(ji)各(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)對于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力直連的概念，“連接獨立(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)站點與(yu)獨立(li)用戶(hu)之(zhi)間(jian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力線(xian)路，或連接發電(dian)(dian)(dian)企業(ye)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應(ying)商直接為(wei)其自有(you)場所、子公(gong)司及(ji)客戶(hu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力線(xian)路”，“綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)直連”應(ying)是通過“拉專線(xian)”的方式連接新能源電(dian)(dian)(dian)站與(yu)用戶(hu)。有(you)意思的是，在歐盟各(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)踐中并未(wei)切斷與(yu)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的聯系，根據(ju)美國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際開發署（USAID）統(tong)計，在歐(ou)盟已經展開綠電直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)(lian)實踐的(de)(de)國(guo)家(jia)中(zhong)，拉(la)脫維亞直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)(lian)線路(lu)的(de)(de)用(yong)戶有(you)權(quan)保持與系統(tong)的(de)(de)永久(jiu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)接作為(wei)備(bei)用(yong)，或(huo)者在用(yong)戶沒有(you)安(an)裝永久(jiu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)接的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)，要(yao)求系統(tong)運營商(shang)安(an)裝備(bei)用(yong)連(lian)(lian)(lian)接。波(bo)蘭(lan)政(zheng)府認為(wei)，將(jiang)“直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)(lian)線路(lu)”的(de)(de)定義狹隘(ai)地(di)理(li)解(jie)為(wei)在孤島系統(tong)內運行，違反了歐(ou)盟指令。

中(zhong)國方案展(zhan)現出(chu)顯著的系(xi)統性優勢(shi)。一是(shi)制度創新(xin)：構建與國際規則(ze)兼容(rong)的本土化框架。在(zai)我(wo)國目(mu)(mu)前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統中（不含分(fen)布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源直接(jie)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)），幾乎(hu)全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源都是(shi)先(xian)連(lian)接(jie)到輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)再通過配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)輸送給(gei)用戶，不同類(lei)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源生(sheng)產電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)后受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣規律(lv)和(he)(he)基爾霍(huo)夫定律(lv)等影(ying)響，各種類(lei)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)“眾(zhong)流歸源”一樣混淆在(zai)一起(qi)，用戶無法(fa)明(ming)確使(shi)用的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)由哪(na)個發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠提供(gong)(gong)(gong)，也無法(fa)分(fen)辨(bian)用戶在(zai)某一瞬(shun)間使(shi)用的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)屬于哪(na)種類(lei)型(xing)。用戶與(yu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并(bing)不存在(zai)物(wu)(wu)理(li)上(shang)的可(ke)再生(sheng)能源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量生(sheng)產消費的“可(ke)追溯”，“漂綠(lv)”帶來的道(dao)德(de)問題，引發(fa)諸多爭議。《通知》首次(ci)明(ming)確了(le)(le)綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連(lian)的定義(yi)，“指風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽(yang)能發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)質發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等新(xin)能源不直接(jie)接(jie)入公(gong)共(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，通過直連(lian)線路向(xiang)單(dan)一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用戶供(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)實(shi)現供(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量清晰(xi)物(wu)(wu)理(li)溯源的模式”。同時(shi)按照負荷是(shi)否接(jie)入公(gong)共(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)分(fen)為并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)和(he)(he)離網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)兩類(lei)。并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)作為整(zheng)體接(jie)入公(gong)共(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，與(yu)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)形(xing)成清晰(xi)的物(wu)(wu)理(li)界(jie)面與(yu)責(ze)任界(jie)面，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源應(ying)接(jie)入用戶和(he)(he)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)產權分(fen)界(jie)點(dian)的用戶側(ce)。這一制度設計既回(hui)應(ying)了(le)(le)歐盟對(dui)綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連(lian)的強制要求，也創新(xin)性(xing)地(di)界(jie)定了(le)(le)“安全責(ze)任界(jie)面”，通過產權分(fen)界(jie)點(dian)的物(wu)(wu)理(li)切(qie)割的方式，創造了(le)(le)“物(wu)(wu)理(li)隔離+市場聯通(tong)”的雙(shuang)軌(gui)機制，既保(bao)障(zhang)了公共電(dian)網安(an)全穩(wen)定運行(xing)，又賦予市場主體更大(da)的自(zi)主權(quan)，將(jiang)電(dian)力從(cong)“通(tong)用商品”升級為“低碳通(tong)行(xing)證”。

二是回歸了分布式光(guang)伏發電的初心和本源(yuan)。長久以(yi)來，綠(lv)電(dian)沒(mei)有(you)參與現貨的(de)結算，綠(lv)電(dian)簽約(yue)雙方(fang)(fang)也(ye)沒(mei)有(you)在合(he)同中約(yue)定結算參考(kao)點及(ji)(ji)平(ping)衡責(ze)任(ren)承擔方(fang)(fang)等內容，綠(lv)電(dian)合(he)同對應的(de)發(fa)電(dian)及(ji)(ji)用戶均(jun)未承擔相關責(ze)任(ren)。《通知》突破(po)傳統綠(lv)電(dian)交易(yi)“證書虛擬交割”模式，首(shou)創(chuang)“物理直連+市(shi)(shi)(shi)場結算(suan)”雙輪驅動(dong)，并網型項(xiang)(xiang)目應按(an)照(zhao)“以荷(he)(he)定源”，現貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場連(lian)續運(yun)行地區可采取整體(ti)自(zi)(zi)發(fa)自(zi)(zi)用為(wei)主，余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)網為(wei)輔(fu)的(de)(de)模式；現貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場未連(lian)續運(yun)行地區，不允許(xu)向(xiang)公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網反送。同時，在交(jiao)易(yi)方面，并網型綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連(lian)項(xiang)(xiang)目享(xiang)平等的(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場地位，按(an)照(zhao)《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場注冊基本規(gui)則(ze)(ze)》進(jin)行注冊，原則(ze)(ze)上(shang)(shang)應作(zuo)為(wei)整體(ti)參與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場交(jiao)易(yi)，根(gen)據市(shi)(shi)(shi)場交(jiao)易(yi)結果安排生產，并按(an)照(zhao)與公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)交(jiao)換功率進(jin)行結算(suan)。項(xiang)(xiang)目負荷(he)(he)不得由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網企業代(dai)理購電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。《通(tong)知(zhi)》為(wei)源網荷(he)(he)儲參與市(shi)(shi)(shi)場化交(jiao)易(yi)開辟了新(xin)路徑(jing)，這既落實了《分布(bu)式光伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開發(fa)建(jian)設管理辦法》的(de)(de)改(gai)革要求，又實現了《關于深化新(xin)能(neng)源上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價市(shi)(shi)(shi)場化改(gai)革 促進(jin)新(xin)能(neng)源高質量發(fa)展的(de)(de)通(tong)知(zhi)》中新(xin)能(neng)源上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量原則(ze)(ze)上(shang)(shang)全部進(jin)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場的(de)(de)政策目標。

三是(shi)加強組織保(bao)障、創新(xin)發(fa)展模式。風能(neng)、太陽能(neng)等(deng)間歇性(xing)能(neng)源(yuan)，給“綠(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)”用(yong)戶的(de)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)性(xing)和穩定性(xing)帶來挑戰。《通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)》要求(qiu)，并網(wang)型綠(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)應(ying)通(tong)(tong)過合理配置儲能(neng)、挖掘負荷(he)靈活調(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)潛(qian)力等(deng)方式，充分提(ti)升(sheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)靈活性(xing)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)力，盡可能(neng)減少系統(tong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)壓力。《通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)》明確(que)，綠(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)原則(ze)上由負荷(he)作為主(zhu)責單位。項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)電(dian)源(yuan)可由負荷(he)投資(zi)，直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)專線(xian)原則(ze)上應(ying)由負荷(he)、電(dian)源(yuan)主(zhu)體投資(zi)。為破解新能(neng)源(yuan)波動(dong)性(xing)與工業連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)生產(chan)的(de)矛盾(dun)，《通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)》一方面(mian)要求(qiu)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)投資(zi)者承擔(dan)(dan)專線(xian)建設成(cheng)本，通(tong)(tong)過收(shou)益與成(cheng)本的(de)市場化平衡激發投資(zi)活力；另一方面(mian)，明確(que)鼓(gu)勵用(yong)戶提(ti)升(sheng)系統(tong)友好性(xing)，避(bi)免因(yin)“搭便車”導致公(gong)共電(dian)網(wang)負擔(dan)(dan)轉嫁。為保證系統(tong)安全，《通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)》進(jin)行了相(xiang)關(guan)規范，進(jin)一步細化上網(wang)電(dian)量比例、退出機制等(deng)具體要求(qiu)，引導項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)科學合理評(ping)估需(xu)求(qiu)，避(bi)免出現(xian)實際(ji)運行與設計方案(an)出現(xian)較大偏差、新能(neng)源(yuan)消納不(bu)及(ji)預期等(deng)情況。

“綠(lv)電直連(lian)”雖(sui)然(ran)是能源(yuan)(yuan)領域的創新之(zhi)舉，具有廣闊的發(fa)(fa)展前景，但用(yong)戶(hu)不僅要承擔建設成(cheng)本，還(huan)要面(mian)臨市(shi)場交易(yi)與收(shou)益的不確定性(xing)，綠(lv)電直連(lian)在(zai)推進(jin)過程中面(mian)臨著安全、經(jing)濟(ji)、技術等多(duo)重風險。必須要看到，電力(li)系(xi)統(tong)本身就是最大的網源(yuan)(yuan)荷(he)儲(chu)系(xi)統(tong)，“綠(lv)電直連(lian)”形成(cheng)的小系(xi)統(tong)，在(zai)可靠性(xing)相(xiang)同的前提下，必然(ran)經(jing)濟(ji)性(xing)低于(yu)大系(xi)統(tong)，因此減少對(dui)于(yu)大系(xi)統(tong)依賴、自由(you)選(xuan)擇可靠性(xing)是小系(xi)統(tong)獲得相(xiang)對(dui)經(jing)濟(ji)性(xing)的必然(ran)選(xuan)擇。《通(tong)知》不失為一次(ci)迎難而上的試水，以“綠(lv)電直連(lian)”試點為契(qi)機，凝聚政府(fu)、企業和科研(yan)機構(gou)等各(ge)方合(he)力(li)，加大技術研(yan)發(fa)(fa)投(tou)入，完(wan)善市(shi)場機制和監管(guan)體系(xi)，為清潔能源(yuan)(yuan)的高效利(li)用(yong)開辟新道路。（華能集團能源(yuan)(yuan)研(yan)究院(yuan)副院(yuan)長 陳大宇）