國家發展改革委、國家能源局近日聯合印發《關于建立煤電容量電價機制的通知》，決定將現行煤電單一制電價調整為兩部制電價。為何要建立煤電容量電價機制？對于終端用戶用電成本有何影響……一起來看本期快問快答→

問：建立煤(mei)電(dian)容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)價機制(zhi)、對煤(mei)電(dian)實(shi)行兩部制(zhi)電(dian)價政策有何意(yi)義？

答：隨著國(guo)內新能(neng)源快速發(fa)展，推動煤電(dian)這(zhe)一我國(guo)最重(zhong)要、成本較低的(de)支撐(cheng)調節電(dian)源加快向提供(gong)容量支撐(cheng)保障和電(dian)量并重(zhong)轉型(xing)，平常(chang)時段(duan)為(wei)新能(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)讓出空間(jian)、高峰時段(duan)繼續頂峰出力，對促(cu)進(jin)新能(neng)源發(fa)展具有重(zhong)要意義。

專家(jia)介紹，煤(mei)電(dian)經營(ying)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)包(bao)括折舊費(fei)、人工費(fei)、修(xiu)理費(fei)、財(cai)務(wu)費(fei)等(deng)固定成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)和燃煤(mei)等(deng)變(bian)動成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)。目前(qian)，電(dian)力市場(chang)成(cheng)(cheng)熟國家(jia)通常實(shi)行兩部制電(dian)價(jia)，即容(rong)量電(dian)價(jia)主要(yao)回(hui)收機組固定成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)、電(dian)量電(dian)價(jia)主要(yao)回(hui)收變(bian)動成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)。電(dian)量電(dian)價(jia)通過市場(chang)化方式形成(cheng)(cheng)，靈敏反(fan)映電(dian)力市場(chang)供需、燃料成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)變(bian)化等(deng)情(qing)況(kuang)；容(rong)量電(dian)價(jia)水(shui)平(ping)根據轉型(xing)進度等(deng)實(shi)際情(qing)況(kuang)合理確定并(bing)逐步調(diao)整，充分體現(xian)煤(mei)電(dian)對(dui)電(dian)力系統(tong)的(de)支撐(cheng)調(diao)節價(jia)值。因而，建立煤(mei)電(dian)容(rong)量電(dian)價(jia)機制是保(bao)障(zhang)電(dian)力系統(tong)安全運行、更好促進能(neng)源綠色低碳轉型(xing)的(de)必然要(yao)求(qiu)。

問：兩部制電價政策，對(dui)煤電企(qi)業有(you)何(he)影(ying)響？

答：在現(xian)行(xing)單一(yi)制(zhi)電(dian)價(jia)體系下，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)企業(ye)只有發電(dian)才能回收成(cheng)本(ben)并(bing)獲得回報。隨著煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)轉變經營模式(shi)，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)機組越來越多時間(jian)“備(bei)而不用”，通(tong)過單一(yi)電(dian)量電(dian)價(jia)難以(yi)完全回收成(cheng)本(ben)，近年來出現(xian)行(xing)業(ye)預期(qi)不穩(wen)等現(xian)象。煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)容量電(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)的(de)建立，破解(jie)了這一(yi)行(xing)業(ye)難題。

“此次建立容量電(dian)價機制(zhi)采取了明(ming)確預期、逐(zhu)步提(ti)高的(de)方式，既釋放清晰明(ming)確的(de)信號，穩(wen)定(ding)煤電(dian)行業預期、讓企業吃下‘定(ding)心丸’，又(you)有利(li)于凝(ning)聚各方共識(shi)，確保機制(zhi)平穩(wen)實施。”國家(jia)發展改革委相關(guan)負責人(ren)表示。

具體(ti)來看，煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機制明確了容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)水平，價(jia)(jia)格按(an)(an)照回收煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組一定比(bi)例(li)固(gu)(gu)定成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)方(fang)式確定。其中，用(yong)于計算容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)的煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組固(gu)(gu)定成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)實行(xing)全(quan)國(guo)統一標準，為(wei)每年(nian)(nian)(nian)每千瓦330元。綜合(he)考慮各地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統需要、煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)能轉型情況等因素，2024年(nian)(nian)(nian)至2025年(nian)(nian)(nian)，多數地方(fang)通過容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)回收固(gu)(gu)定成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)比(bi)例(li)為(wei)30％左右，部分煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)能轉型較(jiao)快的地方(fang)適當高(gao)一些；2026年(nian)(nian)(nian)起，各地通過容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)回收固(gu)(gu)定成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)比(bi)例(li)提升至不(bu)低于50％。此外，各地煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)納入系統運(yun)行(xing)費(fei)用(yong)，每月由工(gong)商業(ye)用(yong)戶按(an)(an)當月用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)比(bi)例(li)分攤(tan)。

問：對于(yu)終端用電成本究竟有何影響(xiang)？

答：國家發展改(gai)革(ge)委相關(guan)負責人(ren)表示，建立煤電容(rong)量電價機制對(dui)于終(zhong)端用戶用電成本的(de)影響(xiang)，無論是(shi)從(cong)短(duan)期還是(shi)從(cong)長期看，都是(shi)積極正面的(de)。

短期看，對(dui)終(zhong)端用戶用電(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本的(de)影響總體較(jiao)小。由于建立(li)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制主要是電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)結構的(de)調整，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)總體價(jia)格水平基本穩(wen)定(ding)，特(te)別是電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)小幅下降，將帶(dai)動水電(dian)(dian)(dian)、核電(dian)(dian)(dian)、新能源等其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)源參與市場(chang)交易(yi)部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)隨之下行，工商業用戶終(zhong)端用電(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本總體有(you)望(wang)穩(wen)中略降。

長期看，建立煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價機制，首(shou)次(ci)實(shi)現對(dui)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)這一主力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源品種電(dian)(dian)(dian)能量(liang)(liang)價值和容量(liang)(liang)價值的區分，可有力(li)推動構建多層次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場體系，引導煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)、新能源等市場參與(yu)者各展所長、各盡(jin)所能、充分競(jing)爭(zheng)，全(quan)面優化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)資源配置，提升電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的經濟性，從而降低(di)終(zhong)端用(yong)戶(hu)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)成本。

此(ci)外，此(ci)次出臺的新(xin)政策不涉及居民和農業用戶，仍(reng)執行(xing)現行(xing)目錄銷(xiao)售電價。

國家能(neng)源集團技術(shu)經濟(ji)研究院副主任柴瑋表示，可以預見，隨著我國電力(li)市場(chang)建(jian)設(she)的持續深入，價(jia)格機制(zhi)改革的作(zuo)用將愈發凸顯，帶動(dong)我國電力(li)市場(chang)建(jian)設(she)更(geng)(geng)加(jia)(jia)市場(chang)化(hua)、更(geng)(geng)加(jia)(jia)規范化(hua)、更(geng)(geng)加(jia)(jia)科學化(hua)