在全球氣候治理(li)格(ge)局(ju)深度(du)重(zhong)構的(de)(de)(de)背景下，“綠電直(zhi)連(lian)”作為破解能(neng)源(yuan)轉型與碳關稅(shui)壁壘雙重(zhong)挑戰的(de)(de)(de)制度(du)創新(xin)，逐漸進入(ru)人們(men)的(de)(de)(de)視野。國家發展改革委、國家能(neng)源(yuan)局(ju)印發《關于有(you)(you)序(xu)推動(dong)綠電直(zhi)連(lian)發展有(you)(you)關事項(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)通(tong)知》（以下簡(jian)稱《通(tong)知》）開展綠電直(zhi)連(lian)試點項(xiang)目，旨(zhi)在提升(sheng)清潔能(neng)源(yuan)利(li)用效率、提升(sheng)綠電的(de)(de)(de)物理(li)屬性，這(zhe)種(zhong)創新(xin)模式將綠電消費在時間精度(du)和發用電位置上的(de)(de)(de)顆(ke)粒(li)度(du)進一步提升(sheng)，為全國新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)產業的(de)(de)(de)發展提供(gong)了有(you)(you)益的(de)(de)(de)探索和借(jie)鑒(jian)。

從國際視(shi)角來看，根據(ju)歐盟去年(nian)4月公(gong)(gong)布的(de)《新電(dian)池法案》下的(de)碳(tan)足跡(ji)計算規(gui)則草案及(ji)各國(guo)對于電(dian)力(li)直連(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)概(gai)念，“連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)獨(du)立發電(dian)站點與獨(du)立用戶之間的(de)電(dian)力(li)線(xian)路，或連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)發電(dian)企業與電(dian)力(li)供(gong)應(ying)商直接(jie)為其(qi)自有(you)場所、子(zi)公(gong)(gong)司(si)及(ji)客戶供(gong)電(dian)的(de)電(dian)力(li)線(xian)路”，“綠電(dian)直連(lian)(lian)(lian)”應(ying)是通過(guo)“拉(la)專(zhuan)線(xian)”的(de)方(fang)式(shi)連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)新能源電(dian)站與用戶。有(you)意思的(de)是，在歐盟各國(guo)實踐中并(bing)未切(qie)斷與大電(dian)網的(de)聯系，根據美國(guo)國(guo)際開發署（USAID）統(tong)(tong)(tong)計，在歐(ou)盟已經(jing)展開綠電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)實踐的(de)國家中，拉脫(tuo)維亞直(zhi)連(lian)線路的(de)用(yong)戶(hu)有權(quan)保持與系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)永久連(lian)接(jie)作為備用(yong)，或者在用(yong)戶(hu)沒有安裝永久連(lian)接(jie)的(de)情況下，要(yao)求系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)運營商(shang)安裝備用(yong)連(lian)接(jie)。波蘭政(zheng)府認為，將“直(zhi)連(lian)線路”的(de)定義狹隘地理(li)解為在孤島系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)內(nei)運行，違反了歐(ou)盟指(zhi)令。

中國方案展現出顯著的系統性優勢。一是制度創(chuang)新(xin)：構建與國際(ji)規則(ze)兼容的本(ben)土化框(kuang)架。在(zai)我國目前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統中（不含分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)直(zhi)接供應），幾乎全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)都是(shi)先連(lian)接到輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)再(zai)通(tong)過配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)輸送給用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)，不同類(lei)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)生產電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)上網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)后受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣規律(lv)(lv)和(he)基爾(er)霍夫(fu)定律(lv)(lv)等(deng)影響，各種類(lei)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)“眾流歸源(yuan)”一樣混淆在(zai)一起(qi)，用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)無法明確使用(yong)(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)由哪個發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠提(ti)供，也無法分辨(bian)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)在(zai)某(mou)一瞬間使用(yong)(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)屬于哪種類(lei)型(xing)。用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)與發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并不存在(zai)物(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)上的(de)可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量生產消費的(de)“可追溯”，“漂綠(lv)”帶來的(de)道德(de)問題(ti)，引發(fa)諸多爭議。《通(tong)知》首次明確了(le)(le)(le)綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)的(de)定義(yi)，“指風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽能(neng)(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、生物(wu)(wu)(wu)質發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)不直(zhi)接接入(ru)公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，通(tong)過直(zhi)連(lian)線路向單(dan)一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)供給綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可實現供給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量清晰物(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)溯源(yuan)的(de)模式”。同時按照負荷是(shi)否接入(ru)公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)分為并網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)和(he)離(li)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)兩類(lei)。并網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)項(xiang)目作為整體接入(ru)公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，與公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)形成清晰的(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)界(jie)面與責(ze)任(ren)界(jie)面，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)應接入(ru)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)和(he)公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)產權分界(jie)點的(de)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側。這一制(zhi)度設計既回應了(le)(le)(le)歐盟(meng)對綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)的(de)強(qiang)制(zhi)要求，也創(chuang)新性地界(jie)定了(le)(le)(le)“安全責(ze)任(ren)界(jie)面”，通(tong)過產權分界(jie)點的(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)切割(ge)的(de)方式，創(chuang)造了(le)(le)(le)“物(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)隔離(li)+市場聯通(tong)”的雙軌機制，既保障了公共電網(wang)安全穩定運行，又賦(fu)予市場主體更大的自主權，將電力(li)從“通(tong)用(yong)商品(pin)”升(sheng)級為“低碳通(tong)行證”。

二是回歸了分布式(shi)光伏發電的初(chu)心和本(ben)源(yuan)。長久以來，綠電(dian)沒有參與(yu)現(xian)貨的(de)結算(suan)，綠電(dian)簽約雙方也沒有在合(he)同中約定(ding)結算(suan)參考點及平衡責(ze)任承擔方等內容，綠電(dian)合(he)同對應的(de)發電(dian)及用(yong)戶均(jun)未承擔相關責(ze)任。《通(tong)知》突破傳(chuan)統綠電(dian)交易“證書虛擬交割”模式，首創“物理直連+市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)結(jie)算”雙輪驅動(dong)，并(bing)網(wang)(wang)型(xing)項目(mu)(mu)應按(an)照(zhao)“以荷定(ding)源”，現貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)連續運行地(di)區可采取整(zheng)體自發(fa)自用(yong)為主，余電(dian)(dian)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)為輔的(de)模(mo)式(shi)；現貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)未連續運行地(di)區，不(bu)允許向公共電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)反送。同時，在交易方(fang)面，并(bing)網(wang)(wang)型(xing)綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直連項目(mu)(mu)享平等(deng)的(de)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)地(di)位，按(an)照(zhao)《電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)注(zhu)冊(ce)基本規則》進(jin)(jin)行注(zhu)冊(ce)，原(yuan)則上(shang)應作(zuo)為整(zheng)體參與電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)交易，根據市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)交易結(jie)果安排(pai)生產，并(bing)按(an)照(zhao)與公共電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)交換功率(lv)進(jin)(jin)行結(jie)算。項目(mu)(mu)負荷不(bu)得由電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業代理購電(dian)(dian)。《通知》為源網(wang)(wang)荷儲(chu)參與市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化交易開辟了新路徑，這既落(luo)實了《分布式(shi)光伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)開發(fa)建設(she)管理辦法》的(de)改(gai)革要求，又實現了《關(guan)于深化新能源上(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)價市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化改(gai)革 促進(jin)(jin)新能源高(gao)質(zhi)量發(fa)展的(de)通知》中新能源上(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)量原(yuan)則上(shang)全部進(jin)(jin)入電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)政(zheng)策(ce)目(mu)(mu)標。

三(san)是(shi)加(jia)強(qiang)組織保障、創新發(fa)展模(mo)式。風能(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)等間歇(xie)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，給(gei)“綠(lv)電(dian)直連(lian)(lian)”用(yong)(yong)戶的連(lian)(lian)續性(xing)和(he)穩(wen)定性(xing)帶來挑戰。《通知(zhi)(zhi)》要求(qiu)(qiu)，并網型綠(lv)電(dian)直連(lian)(lian)項目應通過合理配置儲能(neng)(neng)、挖(wa)掘負(fu)荷(he)靈活(huo)調節潛(qian)力(li)等方(fang)(fang)式(shi)，充(chong)分(fen)提(ti)升項目靈活(huo)性(xing)調節能(neng)(neng)力(li)，盡可能(neng)(neng)減少系(xi)統(tong)(tong)調節壓力(li)。《通知(zhi)(zhi)》明(ming)確，綠(lv)電(dian)直連(lian)(lian)項目原(yuan)則(ze)上由(you)(you)負(fu)荷(he)作為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)責(ze)單位。項目電(dian)源(yuan)可由(you)(you)負(fu)荷(he)投(tou)資，直連(lian)(lian)專(zhuan)線原(yuan)則(ze)上應由(you)(you)負(fu)荷(he)、電(dian)源(yuan)主(zhu)體(ti)投(tou)資。為(wei)(wei)破解新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)波動(dong)性(xing)與(yu)工業連(lian)(lian)續生產的矛盾(dun)，《通知(zhi)(zhi)》一方(fang)(fang)面要求(qiu)(qiu)直連(lian)(lian)項目投(tou)資者承擔專(zhuan)線建設成本(ben)，通過收益與(yu)成本(ben)的市場(chang)化平衡激發(fa)投(tou)資活(huo)力(li)；另一方(fang)(fang)面，明(ming)確鼓勵用(yong)(yong)戶提(ti)升系(xi)統(tong)(tong)友好性(xing)，避免(mian)因“搭便車(che)”導致公共(gong)電(dian)網負(fu)擔轉(zhuan)嫁。為(wei)(wei)保證系(xi)統(tong)(tong)安全，《通知(zhi)(zhi)》進行了相(xiang)關(guan)規(gui)范，進一步(bu)細化上網電(dian)量比(bi)例(li)、退出機制等具體(ti)要求(qiu)(qiu)，引導項目科學(xue)合理評估(gu)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)，避免(mian)出現實際運行與(yu)設計(ji)方(fang)(fang)案(an)出現較大(da)偏差、新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)納不及預期等情況。

“綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)連”雖然是(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)領域的(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)新之舉，具有(you)廣(guang)闊(kuo)的(de)(de)(de)發展前(qian)景，但用戶不(bu)僅要承(cheng)擔建設(she)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)，還要面臨(lin)市場交易與收(shou)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)確定性(xing)(xing)，綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)連在(zai)推進過(guo)程(cheng)中面臨(lin)著安全、經(jing)濟(ji)、技術等多(duo)重風險。必須要看(kan)到(dao)，電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)本(ben)(ben)身(shen)就是(shi)最(zui)大的(de)(de)(de)網(wang)源(yuan)荷儲(chu)系(xi)統(tong)，“綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)連”形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)系(xi)統(tong)，在(zai)可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)相同的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提下，必然經(jing)濟(ji)性(xing)(xing)低于大系(xi)統(tong)，因(yin)此減(jian)少(shao)對于大系(xi)統(tong)依(yi)賴、自由(you)選擇可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)是(shi)小(xiao)系(xi)統(tong)獲(huo)得相對經(jing)濟(ji)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)必然選擇。《通知》不(bu)失(shi)為一次迎難而(er)上的(de)(de)(de)試水，以“綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)連”試點為契機(ji)，凝聚政府、企業和科研(yan)機(ji)構等各方合力，加大技術研(yan)發投入，完善市場機(ji)制(zhi)和監管體(ti)系(xi)，為清潔能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)高效利用開辟新道(dao)路。（華能(neng)集團能(neng)源(yuan)研(yan)究院副院長(chang) 陳大宇(yu)）