煤電容量電價機制的(de)實施，有(you)利于推動煤電(dian)(dian)行(xing)業健康持續(xu)發展，維(wei)護電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統安全可(ke)靠供應，促(cu)進能源綠色(se)低碳(tan)轉型，助力(li)“雙碳(tan)”目標實現。

政策考(kao)量有新(xin)意(yi)

縱(zong)觀此次出臺(tai)的煤電(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)價機制，可以發現有五大政策目的。

一是理(li)順成本。

——明確容量成本回收機制。煤電企業經營成本主要包括折舊費、人工費、修理費、財務費等固定成本和燃煤等變動成本兩大部分，其中，固定成本約占煤電總成本的30%。自2021年《上網電價通知》發布后，煤電機組全部參與現貨市場交易，實行單一制電量電價，煤電企業固定成本回收完全依賴于發電量和電量電價，只有發電才能回收成本。但近年來，隨著風電、光伏發電快速發展，煤電利用小時數不斷降低，僅靠電能量市場難以回收固定投資成本。煤電容量電價機制的建立，是將現行單一制電量電價調整為“電量電價+容量電價”的兩部制電價，其中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價通(tong)過市(shi)場化方式形成，靈敏(min)反映電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場供需、燃料成本變化等情況；容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價則是為保(bao)障用(yong)戶側用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充裕度（與(yu)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可靠(kao)性密切相關）而向(xiang)提供有效容量(liang)的(de)主體支付(fu)的(de)費用(yong)，專(zhuan)門(men)為回收(shou)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組固(gu)定成本而設，體現了煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可靠(kao)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)的(de)價值。

——明(ming)確容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)成本分攤(tan)(tan)機制。煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)單獨設(she)立后，如何(he)疏導和(he)分攤(tan)(tan)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)成為(wei)(wei)各利益主體博弈(yi)的(de)(de)焦(jiao)點。如果容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)僅在發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)側內部分攤(tan)(tan)，由新能(neng)源或(huo)者其(qi)他(ta)類型(xing)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源承擔容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)，那么容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)的(de)(de)分攤(tan)(tan)就變成了發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)側不同主體之間的(de)(de)“零和(he)博弈(yi)”，不符合“誰受益、誰付費(fei)”權利義務對等(deng)的(de)(de)原則(ze)。因為(wei)(wei)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)最終目的(de)(de)是(shi)保障系統有效容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)充裕性，在推動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源結構調整的(de)(de)同時維(wei)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統安全穩(wen)定運行(xing)(xing)，從(cong)長遠看，其(qi)最終受益者是(shi)用(yong)戶(hu)。而新能(neng)源或(huo)者其(qi)他(ta)類型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源并不是(shi)直接(jie)受益主體，由它們分攤(tan)(tan)不符合權責對等(deng)原則(ze)，還(huan)導致發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業(ye)失去有效激(ji)勵，降低政策實施(shi)(shi)效果。只有將(jiang)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)有效地(di)傳導至(zhi)用(yong)戶(hu)側，才能(neng)起到容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機制的(de)(de)激(ji)勵作用(yong)。為(wei)(wei)此，《容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)通知》明(ming)確提出，在煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)實施(shi)(shi)后，容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)將(jiang)納入(ru)系統運行(xing)(xing)費(fei)中，并由工(gong)商(shang)業(ye)用(yong)戶(hu)按當月用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)比例進(jin)行(xing)(xing)分攤(tan)(tan)，由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網企業(ye)根據(ju)當地(di)代理購電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)用(yong)戶(hu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)每月發(fa)(fa)(fa)布和(he)滾動(dong)清(qing)算。

信(xin)息(xi)來源：國家發展改(gai)革委 國家能源局《關于建立(li)煤(mei)電(dian)容量電(dian)價機制的(de)通知》

二是(shi)穩定預期。

近(jin)(jin)年(nian)(nian)來，綠色發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展成(cheng)為(wei)經(jing)濟社會發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展的(de)主基調，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)炭(tan)轉型步伐加快，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)替代力度持(chi)續(xu)加大，新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)(ji)增(zeng)長迅猛。國家能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)局發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)布的(de)數(shu)據顯示，截(jie)至(zhi)(zhi)2023年(nian)(nian)9月，我(wo)國非化石(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)超過發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)總(zong)裝機(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)的(de)一半，達(da)到(dao)51.6%。新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)快速(su)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展趨勢下，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)份額相對減少(shao)，逐步從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)向基礎保障性和系統調節性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)轉變，年(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)小(xiao)時(shi)數(shu)顯著下降，由2015年(nian)(nian)的(de)5000小(xiao)時(shi)以上降低到(dao)2022年(nian)(nian)的(de)4300小(xiao)時(shi)。此外，近(jin)(jin)年(nian)(nian)來，受煤(mei)(mei)(mei)炭(tan)價格高企等多重因(yin)素影響(xiang)，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業(ye)大面積虧損(sun)(sun)(sun)。2021年(nian)(nian)國內主要發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)集團虧損(sun)(sun)(sun)1203億元，虧損(sun)(sun)(sun)面高達(da)80.1%；近(jin)(jin)兩(liang)年(nian)(nian)雖有所改善(shan)，但2023年(nian)(nian)上半年(nian)(nian)仍虧損(sun)(sun)(sun)超過100億元，虧損(sun)(sun)(sun)面達(da)50.6%，41.1%的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠負債率超75%。降碳退煤(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)約(yue)(yue)束、發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)小(xiao)時(shi)數(shu)下降以及虧損(sun)(sun)(sun)的(de)現實(shi)壓力，嚴重打擊了(le)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)投資(zi)的(de)積極(ji)(ji)性。煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)(ji)制的(de)建立，改變了(le)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目投資(zi)成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)回收模式，能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠在(zai)(zai)一定程(cheng)度上緩解煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業(ye)生產經(jing)營(ying)壓力。按(an)照《容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價通知》規定的(de)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價補償標準，對于存量(liang)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)而言(yan)，按(an)照煤(mei)(mei)(mei)價維持(chi)2023年(nian)(nian)價格水平測(ce)算，2024年(nian)(nian)全國燃煤(mei)(mei)(mei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費規模約(yue)(yue)在(zai)(zai)千億元左右。實(shi)行(xing)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)(ji)制后，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業(ye)可回收部(bu)分之(zhi)前因(yin)限價原因(yin)無法回收的(de)固定投資(zi)成(cheng)本(ben)，改善(shan)經(jing)營(ying)狀況，行(xing)業(ye)整體效(xiao)益可基本(ben)恢復至(zhi)(zhi)正常年(nian)(nian)份的(de)平均水平。長期看，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價為(wei)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)投資(zi)提(ti)供了(le)相對穩(wen)定的(de)收益預期，有利于恢復煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)投資(zi)信心，提(ti)升煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)新增(zeng)投資(zi)積極(ji)(ji)性。

三是提升調節能力。

新能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)具有(you)間歇(xie)性(xing)(xing)、波動(dong)性(xing)(xing)特點，大(da)規模高比(bi)例(li)并網后，將會加(jia)劇電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統安全穩定(ding)運行的(de)風險，導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統對調頻、調峰等調節資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)需求大(da)大(da)增(zeng)加(jia)。此(ci)外，隨著(zhu)新能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)占比(bi)不斷(duan)提升，新能(neng)源(yuan)小發(fa)期間電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)應不足、大(da)發(fa)期間消納受限等問題可(ke)(ke)能(neng)交(jiao)替出(chu)現(xian)，極端天氣下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)供(gong)應難度將進一步增(zeng)加(jia)。因(yin)此(ci)，需要其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)提供(gong)系統發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)裕性(xing)(xing)和足夠(gou)的(de)調節能(neng)力(li)。在我國現(xian)階(jie)段主要靈活性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)中，抽(chou)水(shui)蓄能(neng)、燃氣發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)受制于資(zi)源(yuan)稟賦，發(fa)展規模均相對有(you)限；儲能(neng)技(ji)術受制于經濟(ji)性(xing)(xing)、安全性(xing)(xing)，商業化應用有(you)待進一步開(kai)發(fa)。在當前的(de)技(ji)術條件和裝機(ji)結構下，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是最為經濟(ji)可(ke)(ke)行、安全可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)的(de)靈活調節資(zi)源(yuan)，對現(xian)存煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組進行靈活性(xing)(xing)改造是最現(xian)實有(you)效的(de)方案。

我國早(zao)在(zai)2016年(nian)就啟(qi)動(dong)了(le)煤(mei)電靈活性(xing)改(gai)(gai)(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)試(shi)點工(gong)作，并(bing)制定了(le)明(ming)確的(de)靈活性(xing)改(gai)(gai)(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)目(mu)標(biao)。電力(li)規(gui)劃設計總(zong)院發(fa)布的(de)《中國電力(li)發(fa)展(zhan)報告2023》顯示，“十四五(wu)”前(qian)兩年(nian)，全(quan)國煤(mei)電“三改(gai)(gai)(gai)聯動(dong)”改(gai)(gai)(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)規(gui)模合計超過(guo)4.85億千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)，其(qi)中靈活性(xing)改(gai)(gai)(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)1.88億千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)。目(mu)前(qian)來看，煤(mei)電靈活性(xing)改(gai)(gai)(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)實際進展(zhan)遠遠滯后于新能源發(fa)展(zhan)增速。影響進度(du)的(de)一個重(zhong)要原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)是成本(ben)(ben)巨(ju)大，激(ji)勵機(ji)制和(he)資金(jin)(jin)投(tou)入(ru)不足，煤(mei)電企業(ye)(ye)缺乏積極(ji)性(xing)。據(ju)中電聯統計，煤(mei)電靈活性(xing)改(gai)(gai)(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)單位千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)調峰(feng)容(rong)量(liang)成本(ben)(ben)約在(zai)500～1500元，再加上改(gai)(gai)(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)后的(de)運維成本(ben)(ben)、煤(mei)耗(hao)成本(ben)(ben)、頻繁(fan)啟(qi)停成本(ben)(ben)不斷增加，如(ru)果沒有(you)合理的(de)補(bu)償和(he)激(ji)勵機(ji)制，煤(mei)電企業(ye)(ye)的(de)積極(ji)性(xing)難以激(ji)發(fa)。因(yin)(yin)此，建立(li)煤(mei)電容(rong)量(liang)電價機(ji)制，依托容(rong)量(liang)電價保(bao)障煤(mei)電企業(ye)(ye)回收一定比例的(de)固(gu)定成本(ben)(ben)，有(you)助(zhu)于其(qi)“輕裝(zhuang)上陣”，投(tou)入(ru)更多(duo)的(de)資金(jin)(jin)進行(xing)必(bi)要的(de)靈活性(xing)改(gai)(gai)(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)，提升系統容(rong)量(liang)支撐和(he)調節能力(li)，更好地(di)保(bao)障電力(li)安全(quan)穩定供應(ying)。

四是促(cu)進轉型。

——促進新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)消納(na)。推動(dong)能源(yuan)(yuan)低碳轉型(xing)、建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)新(xin)型(xing)電(dian)力系(xi)統不僅需要(yao)大力發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)、建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)，還要(yao)高比(bi)(bi)例消納(na)新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)。國家能源(yuan)(yuan)局發(fa)(fa)布(bu)的最(zui)新(xin)數據顯示，截至10月底，全國累計太陽(yang)能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)容(rong)量約5.4億(yi)千瓦，同(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)47.0%；風(feng)電(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)容(rong)量約4.0億(yi)千瓦，同(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)15.6%。由于新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)比(bi)(bi)例過高的電(dian)力系(xi)統出力特性無(wu)法與用戶側負荷(he)曲(qu)線相(xiang)匹配，必須搭配足夠多的靈活調節性電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。煤電(dian)容(rong)量電(dian)價機(ji)制的建(jian)(jian)立，可以(yi)推動(dong)煤電(dian)靈活性改(gai)造，發(fa)(fa)揮靈活調節潛力，解決(jue)當前我國風(feng)電(dian)、光伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)快速增(zeng)長(chang)帶來(lai)的消納(na)難題(ti)，保障新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)快速發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。

——促進(jin)煤(mei)電(dian)功能(neng)(neng)轉型(xing)。長期(qi)以來(lai)，我國煤(mei)電(dian)機(ji)組以不(bu)足50%的(de)(de)裝機(ji)占比，提供了60%的(de)(de)電(dian)量，支(zhi)撐超70%的(de)(de)電(dian)網(wang)高峰負荷，是我國主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)和基(ji)礎保(bao)障(zhang)性電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。隨著新型(xing)電(dian)力系統建設(she)不(bu)斷推進(jin)，新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)逐漸替代煤(mei)電(dian)成為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)電(dian)量供應方，未來(lai)煤(mei)電(dian)在降碳減碳的(de)(de)過(guo)程中平均發(fa)電(dian)利用小時數(shu)將會持(chi)續(xu)降低，功能(neng)(neng)角(jiao)色將從主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)向(xiang)調節性電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)過(guo)渡。煤(mei)電(dian)容量電(dian)價的(de)(de)建立，直接改(gai)變煤(mei)電(dian)企(qi)業的(de)(de)盈利模式，消除經營(ying)及投資顧(gu)慮，為(wei)煤(mei)電(dian)功能(neng)(neng)轉型(xing)“保(bao)駕護航”。

——合理(li)把(ba)握煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)功能轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)節奏。考(kao)慮(lv)(lv)到我國(guo)不同(tong)區域資源稟賦、經濟發展水平和電(dian)(dian)(dian)源結構(gou)存在較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)差異，各(ge)地(di)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)行業的轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)路徑也不盡(jin)相同(tong)。再加(jia)上煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)體量大(da)，改造和轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)任務艱巨(ju)，需要統籌考(kao)慮(lv)(lv)各(ge)地(di)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)在轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)過程中(zhong)的成本擱淺問題，合理(li)把(ba)握煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)功能轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)節奏。所以，《容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)通知》才(cai)提出，因(yin)地(di)制(zhi)宜制(zhi)定煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)。功能轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)較(jiao)(jiao)快(kuai)、年(nian)利用(yong)小時數較(jiao)(jiao)低的省份，回收固定成本比例高；轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)相對(dui)較(jiao)(jiao)緩(huan)的省份，回收固定成本比例低。

五是健全市場(chang)。

根據(ju)提(ti)供的(de)(de)(de)服務(wu)類型，電(dian)(dian)力(li)商(shang)品一般(ban)包含電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)、調(diao)節、平(ping)衡(heng)、容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)四個維度的(de)(de)(de)價值(zhi)(zhi)，其中，電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)、調(diao)節價值(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)以通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)力(li)現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)來(lai)(lai)體現(xian)(xian)，平(ping)衡(heng)價值(zhi)(zhi)由輔(fu)助(zhu)服務(wu)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)來(lai)(lai)體現(xian)(xian)，有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)價值(zhi)(zhi)需(xu)要(yao)通過(guo)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)回(hui)收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)來(lai)(lai)體現(xian)(xian)。從國(guo)(guo)際(ji)經驗看，電(dian)(dian)力(li)現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)是(shi)競(jing)爭(zheng)性電(dian)(dian)力(li)批發市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)組(zu)成(cheng)部(bu)分，基于邊際(ji)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)定(ding)(ding)價理論(lun)的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)(ben)定(ding)(ding)價模式雖然能夠真實反映(ying)電(dian)(dian)力(li)商(shang)品在時(shi)間(jian)和空(kong)間(jian)上的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)及供需(xu)變化(hua)，實現(xian)(xian)資(zi)源的(de)(de)(de)高效(xiao)優(you)化(hua)配置，但往(wang)往(wang)導致(zhi)決定(ding)(ding)現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)出(chu)清價格的(de)(de)(de)邊際(ji)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)無法得到合理補(bu)償，而(er)非邊際(ji)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)回(hui)收(shou)程(cheng)度也存(cun)在較大的(de)(de)(de)不確定(ding)(ding)性，給發電(dian)(dian)企業回(hui)收(shou)全(quan)部(bu)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)投資(zi)帶來(lai)(lai)巨大挑戰(zhan)。基于此(ci)，大多數國(guo)(guo)家和地區在建立電(dian)(dian)力(li)現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)過(guo)程(cheng)中都會設(she)計相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)回(hui)收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。目(mu)前，主流的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主要(yao)有稀缺定(ding)(ding)價機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)補(bu)償機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、戰(zhan)略備用機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等。容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)選擇(ze)與各國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)情、電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)發展程(cheng)度、市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)模式等密切(qie)相關，需(xu)要(yao)因地制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜(yi)地設(she)計和選擇(ze)發電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)回(hui)收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

圖片

2017年(nian)以來，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)開展(zhan)電(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)建設試點。2023年(nian)10月(yue)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家發(fa)展(zhan)改(gai)革(ge)委、國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家能源局印(yin)發(fa)《關于進(jin)一(yi)步加(jia)快電(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)建設工(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)通(tong)知》，對各地現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)建設進(jin)度做出了明確的(de)(de)(de)時間要(yao)求，并在(zai)(zai)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)范圍(wei)內加(jia)快推進(jin)現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)建設。2021年(nian)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家能源局印(yin)發(fa)《電(dian)力(li)(li)輔助(zhu)服(fu)務管理辦法(fa)》，電(dian)力(li)(li)平衡價值也(ye)能得到體(ti)現(xian)。但容量(liang)成本(ben)回收機制(zhi)只在(zai)(zai)部(bu)分省份進(jin)行(xing)了探索(suo)，沒有在(zai)(zai)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)范圍(wei)推進(jin)。所以，煤(mei)電(dian)容量(liang)價格的(de)(de)(de)出臺，建立了覆蓋我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)主要(yao)有效容量(liang)來源的(de)(de)(de)成本(ben)回收機制(zhi)，彌補(bu)了電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)體(ti)系中容量(liang)機制(zhi)設計的(de)(de)(de)空白(bai)，為(wei)電(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)打上了重(zhong)要(yao)“補(bu)丁”，滿(man)足了我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)健全多層(ceng)次電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)體(ti)系的(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)。

后續發展蘊新意(yi)

煤電(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)機(ji)制將推動發(fa)電(dian)側統一容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)機(ji)制出臺。此次出臺的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)僅(jin)針對煤電(dian)，暫(zan)不(bu)涉及其他類型發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組。雖然之(zhi)前抽水(shui)蓄能和部分(fen)燃氣(qi)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組已納入(ru)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)管(guan)理(li)體系(xi)，但(dan)其他類型的(de)(de)儲能和一些能夠提(ti)供(gong)頂峰容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)燃氣(qi)機(ji)組并未(wei)納入(ru)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)范疇，所以，目前尚未(wei)建(jian)立面向所有可提(ti)供(gong)有效容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)體系(xi)。

考慮(lv)到(dao)煤(mei)電(dian)容(rong)量電(dian)價(jia)的(de)基準(zhun)性，煤(mei)電(dian)容(rong)量電(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)的(de)出(chu)臺將會推動(dong)發電(dian)側統(tong)一容(rong)量電(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)出(chu)臺。

煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)改變了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)結(jie)構(gou)。煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)的(de)出臺，將之前單(dan)一的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)結(jie)構(gou)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)了拆分(fen)(fen)，改為“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)+容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)”；雖(sui)然(ran)(ran)明(ming)確規定(ding)(ding)(ding)容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)向用戶側疏導(dao)和(he)(he)分(fen)(fen)攤(tan)，但不一定(ding)(ding)(ding)會推(tui)高用戶用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)和(he)(he)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)。首先，給予煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)補償后，長期市場價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)中固定(ding)(ding)(ding)成(cheng)本(ben)回收的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)量(liang)將更多反(fan)映燃料成(cheng)本(ben)，從而(er)減少策略性報價(jia)(jia)，可能(neng)導(dao)致(zhi)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)。二(er)是煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)是其(qi)他(ta)各類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)基準，其(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)可能(neng)帶動(dong)其(qi)他(ta)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)。雖(sui)然(ran)(ran)終端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)總(zong)水平的(de)漲跌存在不確定(ding)(ding)(ding)性，但考(kao)慮(lv)到(dao)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)的(de)疏導(dao)和(he)(he)分(fen)(fen)攤(tan)只涉及到(dao)工(gong)商業(ye)用戶，不涉及居民和(he)(he)農業(ye)用戶，這(zhe)些用戶用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)仍(reng)執行(xing)(xing)現(xian)行(xing)(xing)目(mu)錄銷售電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)政策，可能(neng)導(dao)致(zhi)工(gong)商業(ye)與居民之間(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)的(de)差距越(yue)(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)(yue)大，交叉(cha)補貼越(yue)(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)(yue)多。

煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)建設(she)奠(dian)定(ding)了基(ji)礎。在主流發電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本回收機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)，容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)是(shi)最具有市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)特征(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)方式。它以競爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)方式形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)價(jia)格(ge)，并成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)競爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)部(bu)分。然而，容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)較為(wei)(wei)(wei)復雜，特別是(shi)對于(yu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)需(xu)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)確(que)預(yu)測要求(qiu)較高。相比之下(xia)，容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)補(bu)(bu)償機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)對發電(dian)(dian)(dian)企業的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)投資進行直接(jie)補(bu)(bu)償，通過(guo)設(she)定(ding)相對穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)投資主體提供穩(wen)定(ding)預(yu)期(qi)，降(jiang)低建設(she)難度(du)(du)和風險，易于(yu)實施。我國出臺的(de)(de)(de)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)屬于(yu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)補(bu)(bu)償機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，通過(guo)行政方式確(que)定(ding)，雖然能夠(gou)保障(zhang)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)價(jia)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)長期(qi)穩(wen)定(ding)，但也存在市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化程度(du)(du)不高的(de)(de)(de)問題，因(yin)此被視(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一項過(guo)渡(du)性機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。隨著我國市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化程度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)不斷提高，各類型機(ji)(ji)組相繼入(ru)市(shi)(shi)，容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)也將(jiang)覆蓋各類型機(ji)(ji)組。不同(tong)類型機(ji)(ji)組按照“同(tong)質同(tong)價(jia)”的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則(ze)公平競爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，使(shi)得容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)價(jia)值更加符(fu)合系(xi)統需(xu)要，為(wei)(wei)(wei)后續競爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)性容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)開設(she)奠(dian)定(ding)堅實基(ji)礎。