在全(quan)球氣候治理(li)格局(ju)深度重構的(de)背(bei)景下，“綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連”作為(wei)破(po)解(jie)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)轉(zhuan)型與碳關稅(shui)壁(bi)壘雙重挑戰(zhan)的(de)制度創新，逐漸進(jin)入人(ren)們的(de)視(shi)野。國家發(fa)(fa)展改革委、國家能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)局(ju)印發(fa)(fa)《關于有(you)序推(tui)動(dong)綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連發(fa)(fa)展有(you)關事項的(de)通知》（以下簡稱《通知》）開(kai)展綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連試(shi)點項目(mu)，旨(zhi)在提升清潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)利用效率、提升綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)的(de)物理(li)屬(shu)性，這種(zhong)創新模式將綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)消費(fei)在時間精度和發(fa)(fa)用電(dian)(dian)位置上的(de)顆粒度進(jin)一步提升，為(wei)全(quan)國新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)產(chan)業(ye)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展提供了有(you)益的(de)探索和借鑒。

從國際視角(jiao)來看，根據歐(ou)盟去年4月公布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《新(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池法案(an)》下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碳足跡計(ji)算規則(ze)草案(an)及各國對于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力直連的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概念，“連接獨立發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站點與獨立用戶之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力線路，或連接發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企業與電(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應商直接為其(qi)自有(you)場(chang)所、子公司及客戶供電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力線路”，“綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)直連”應是(shi)通過“拉專線”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式連接新(xin)能源電(dian)(dian)(dian)站與用戶。有(you)意思的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，在歐(ou)盟各國實踐中并未切斷與大電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)系，根據美國國際開發(fa)署（USAID）統(tong)計，在(zai)歐盟(meng)已經展開綠電直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)實(shi)踐的(de)國家(jia)中(zhong)，拉脫維亞(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)線路(lu)的(de)用戶有權保持(chi)與系(xi)統(tong)的(de)永久連(lian)接作為備用，或者在(zai)用戶沒有安裝(zhuang)永久連(lian)接的(de)情況下，要(yao)求系(xi)統(tong)運營商安裝(zhuang)備用連(lian)接。波蘭(lan)政(zheng)府認為，將“直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)線路(lu)”的(de)定義狹(xia)隘地理解為在(zai)孤(gu)島系(xi)統(tong)內運行(xing)，違反了歐盟(meng)指(zhi)令(ling)。

中國方案(an)展現出顯(xian)著的系統性優勢。一是(shi)制度(du)創(chuang)新：構建與國際規(gui)則兼容的本土化框架。在我國目(mu)前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統中（不含分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)直(zhi)接(jie)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)），幾乎全(quan)(quan)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)都是先連(lian)接(jie)到輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)再(zai)通過配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)輸(shu)送給(gei)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)，不同類(lei)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)生產(chan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能上網(wang)(wang)(wang)后(hou)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)規律(lv)和(he)基爾霍夫(fu)定律(lv)等影響，各種類(lei)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)“眾流歸(gui)源(yuan)(yuan)”一(yi)(yi)樣混淆在一(yi)(yi)起(qi)，用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)無法明確(que)使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)由哪個發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠提供(gong)(gong)(gong)，也無法分(fen)(fen)辨用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)在某(mou)一(yi)(yi)瞬(shun)間使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)屬于哪種類(lei)型(xing)。用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)與發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并(bing)不存在物(wu)理上的(de)(de)(de)可再(zai)生能源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量生產(chan)消費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)“可追溯”，“漂綠”帶來的(de)(de)(de)道德問題(ti)，引發諸多(duo)爭議(yi)。《通知》首次明確(que)了(le)綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)的(de)(de)(de)定義，“指風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽能發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、生物(wu)質發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等新(xin)(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)不直(zhi)接(jie)接(jie)入(ru)(ru)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，通過直(zhi)連(lian)線(xian)路(lu)向單(dan)一(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可實(shi)現供(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量清(qing)晰物(wu)理溯源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)模式(shi)(shi)”。同時按(an)照負(fu)荷(he)是否接(jie)入(ru)(ru)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)和(he)離網(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)兩類(lei)。并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)項目(mu)作為(wei)整體接(jie)入(ru)(ru)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，與公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)形成清(qing)晰的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理界面與責任界面，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)接(jie)入(ru)(ru)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)和(he)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)產(chan)權分(fen)(fen)界點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)側。這一(yi)(yi)制(zhi)度設計既回(hui)應(ying)了(le)歐盟對綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)的(de)(de)(de)強制(zhi)要求(qiu)，也創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)性地界定了(le)“安全(quan)(quan)責任界面”，通過產(chan)權分(fen)(fen)界點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理切割(ge)的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)(shi)，創(chuang)造了(le)“物(wu)理隔離+市場(chang)聯通(tong)(tong)”的雙(shuang)軌機制，既保障了公共電網安全穩定運行，又賦予市場(chang)主(zhu)體更大的自主(zhu)權(quan)，將(jiang)電力從“通(tong)(tong)用(yong)商品”升級為“低碳通(tong)(tong)行證”。

二是(shi)回歸了分布式光伏發(fa)電的初心和本源。長久以來(lai)，綠電(dian)(dian)沒(mei)有參(can)與現貨的(de)結(jie)算，綠電(dian)(dian)簽約雙方(fang)也沒(mei)有在合(he)同中約定結(jie)算參(can)考(kao)點及平衡責任(ren)承(cheng)擔(dan)方(fang)等內容，綠電(dian)(dian)合(he)同對(dui)應(ying)的(de)發電(dian)(dian)及用(yong)戶均未(wei)承(cheng)擔(dan)相關責任(ren)。《通(tong)知》突破傳統綠電(dian)(dian)交易“證(zheng)書虛擬(ni)交割”模式，首創“物理直連+市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)結算(suan)”雙(shuang)輪(lun)驅動，并(bing)網(wang)(wang)型項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)應(ying)按照“以荷定源”，現(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)連(lian)續運行(xing)(xing)地區(qu)可采取整(zheng)體(ti)自發自用為(wei)主，余電(dian)(dian)上網(wang)(wang)為(wei)輔的(de)模式；現(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)未連(lian)續運行(xing)(xing)地區(qu)，不允許向公共(gong)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)反送。同時，在交(jiao)易(yi)方面，并(bing)網(wang)(wang)型綠電(dian)(dian)直連(lian)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)享平等的(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)地位，按照《電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)注冊基本規(gui)則》進(jin)行(xing)(xing)注冊，原則上應(ying)作為(wei)整(zheng)體(ti)參與電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)交(jiao)易(yi)，根(gen)據市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)交(jiao)易(yi)結果安(an)排生產，并(bing)按照與公共(gong)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)交(jiao)換(huan)功率進(jin)行(xing)(xing)結算(suan)。項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)負荷不得由電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業代理購電(dian)(dian)。《通知》為(wei)源網(wang)(wang)荷儲參與市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)交(jiao)易(yi)開(kai)辟了(le)新路徑，這既落實了(le)《分布式光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)開(kai)發建設(she)管理辦法》的(de)改(gai)革要求，又實現(xian)了(le)《關(guan)于(yu)深化(hua)新能源上網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)價市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)改(gai)革 促進(jin)新能源高質量發展(zhan)的(de)通知》中新能源上網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)量原則上全部進(jin)入電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)政策目(mu)(mu)標。

三是(shi)加強組織保障(zhang)、創新發展(zhan)模式(shi)。風(feng)能(neng)、太陽能(neng)等(deng)(deng)間歇性(xing)(xing)能(neng)源(yuan)，給(gei)“綠(lv)電直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)(lian)”用戶(hu)的(de)連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)性(xing)(xing)和穩定性(xing)(xing)帶來挑戰。《通(tong)知》要求(qiu)，并網型綠(lv)電直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)(lian)項目應通(tong)過合理(li)配置(zhi)儲能(neng)、挖掘負(fu)荷(he)(he)靈(ling)活(huo)(huo)調節潛力(li)等(deng)(deng)方(fang)式，充分提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)項目靈(ling)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)調節能(neng)力(li)，盡可(ke)(ke)能(neng)減少系統調節壓力(li)。《通(tong)知》明確，綠(lv)電直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)(lian)項目原則(ze)上(shang)由(you)負(fu)荷(he)(he)作為主責單位(wei)。項目電源(yuan)可(ke)(ke)由(you)負(fu)荷(he)(he)投資(zi)，直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)(lian)專(zhuan)線原則(ze)上(shang)應由(you)負(fu)荷(he)(he)、電源(yuan)主體投資(zi)。為破解新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)波動性(xing)(xing)與工(gong)業(ye)連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)生產的(de)矛盾，《通(tong)知》一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面要求(qiu)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)(lian)項目投資(zi)者承(cheng)擔專(zhuan)線建設成本，通(tong)過收益與成本的(de)市場化平(ping)衡激發投資(zi)活(huo)(huo)力(li)；另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面，明確鼓勵用戶(hu)提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)系統友好性(xing)(xing)，避(bi)(bi)免因“搭便車”導致公共電網負(fu)擔轉(zhuan)嫁。為保證系統安全(quan)，《通(tong)知》進(jin)行了相關規范，進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步細(xi)化上(shang)網電量比(bi)例、退出機制等(deng)(deng)具體要求(qiu)，引導項目科學合理(li)評估需求(qiu)，避(bi)(bi)免出現實際運(yun)行與設計方(fang)案出現較大偏差、新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)納不及(ji)預期(qi)等(deng)(deng)情(qing)況。

“綠(lv)電直連”雖然(ran)(ran)是能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)領(ling)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)創新之(zhi)舉，具有廣闊的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展前景，但用戶不僅要(yao)承擔建(jian)設(she)成本，還要(yao)面(mian)臨(lin)市(shi)場(chang)交易(yi)與收益的(de)(de)(de)(de)不確定(ding)性(xing)，綠(lv)電直連在推進(jin)過(guo)程中(zhong)面(mian)臨(lin)著安全、經(jing)濟(ji)、技(ji)術等多重風險(xian)。必須要(yao)看到，電力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)本身就是最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)網源(yuan)荷(he)儲系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，“綠(lv)電直連”形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)小系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，在可靠(kao)性(xing)相同的(de)(de)(de)(de)前提下，必然(ran)(ran)經(jing)濟(ji)性(xing)低于(yu)大(da)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，因此減(jian)少對于(yu)大(da)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)依(yi)賴、自由選擇可靠(kao)性(xing)是小系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)獲得相對經(jing)濟(ji)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)必然(ran)(ran)選擇。《通知》不失為一次迎難而上的(de)(de)(de)(de)試水，以“綠(lv)電直連”試點為契(qi)機，凝聚政府、企業和(he)科(ke)研機構(gou)等各方合力(li)，加(jia)大(da)技(ji)術研發投入(ru)，完(wan)善市(shi)場(chang)機制和(he)監(jian)管體系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)，為清潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高效利(li)用開辟(pi)新道路。（華能(neng)(neng)集團(tuan)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)研究院副院長 陳大(da)宇）