在全球氣(qi)候治理(li)格局(ju)深度(du)(du)重構的(de)(de)背景下(xia)，“綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連”作為破解(jie)能源(yuan)轉型(xing)與(yu)碳關(guan)稅壁壘雙重挑(tiao)戰的(de)(de)制度(du)(du)創(chuang)新(xin)，逐漸進(jin)入人們的(de)(de)視野。國(guo)家(jia)發(fa)展(zhan)改革委、國(guo)家(jia)能源(yuan)局(ju)印發(fa)《關(guan)于(yu)有序推動綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連發(fa)展(zhan)有關(guan)事項(xiang)的(de)(de)通(tong)知(zhi)》（以下(xia)簡稱《通(tong)知(zhi)》）開展(zhan)綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連試點項(xiang)目，旨在提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)升清潔能源(yuan)利(li)用(yong)效(xiao)率、提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)升綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)物理(li)屬性(xing)，這種(zhong)創(chuang)新(xin)模(mo)式將綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)消(xiao)費(fei)在時(shi)間精度(du)(du)和發(fa)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)置上的(de)(de)顆粒度(du)(du)進(jin)一步提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)升，為全國(guo)新(xin)能源(yuan)產業(ye)的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)供了有益的(de)(de)探(tan)索(suo)和借鑒。

從國(guo)際視角來看，根據(ju)歐盟去年(nian)4月公布(bu)的《新電(dian)池法案(an)》下(xia)的碳足跡(ji)計算規則(ze)草案(an)及各國(guo)(guo)對于電(dian)力直連(lian)(lian)的概念，“連(lian)(lian)接(jie)獨立發電(dian)站點(dian)與(yu)(yu)獨立用戶之間(jian)的電(dian)力線路(lu)，或連(lian)(lian)接(jie)發電(dian)企業與(yu)(yu)電(dian)力供應商直接(jie)為其自有場所(suo)、子(zi)公司及客戶供電(dian)的電(dian)力線路(lu)”，“綠(lv)電(dian)直連(lian)(lian)”應是通(tong)過“拉專線”的方式連(lian)(lian)接(jie)新能源電(dian)站與(yu)(yu)用戶。有意思的是，在歐盟各國(guo)(guo)實踐中并(bing)未切斷(duan)與(yu)(yu)大電(dian)網的聯(lian)系，根據美國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)際開(kai)發署（USAID）統(tong)計，在歐盟(meng)已經展開(kai)綠電直連(lian)實(shi)踐的(de)國家中，拉脫維亞直連(lian)線(xian)路(lu)的(de)用(yong)戶有權保持(chi)與系(xi)統(tong)的(de)永久連(lian)接(jie)作為備用(yong)，或(huo)者在用(yong)戶沒有安裝永久連(lian)接(jie)的(de)情況下，要求系(xi)統(tong)運營商安裝備用(yong)連(lian)接(jie)。波蘭政(zheng)府認(ren)為，將(jiang)“直連(lian)線(xian)路(lu)”的(de)定義狹隘地理(li)解為在孤島(dao)系(xi)統(tong)內運行，違反了歐盟(meng)指令。

中國方案(an)展現出顯(xian)著的系(xi)統性優勢。一是制度(du)創新(xin)：構建與(yu)國(guo)際規則兼(jian)容的本土化(hua)框架。在我國目(mu)(mu)前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統中（不(bu)含分布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)直接(jie)(jie)供應(ying)），幾乎全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)都是先連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)到輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)再通(tong)過(guo)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)輸(shu)送給用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)，不(bu)同(tong)類型(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)生產(chan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)上網(wang)后受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣規律和(he)基爾(er)霍夫定(ding)律等(deng)影響，各種(zhong)類型(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力“眾(zhong)流歸源(yuan)”一(yi)(yi)樣混淆在一(yi)(yi)起，用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)無(wu)(wu)法(fa)明確使用(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力由(you)哪(na)個發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠提供，也無(wu)(wu)法(fa)分辨用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)在某(mou)一(yi)(yi)瞬間使用(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力屬于哪(na)種(zhong)類型(xing)(xing)(xing)。用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)與發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并不(bu)存在物理(li)(li)上的(de)可(ke)(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量生產(chan)消費的(de)“可(ke)(ke)追溯”，“漂綠(lv)(lv)”帶來(lai)的(de)道德問題，引發(fa)諸多爭議。《通(tong)知》首次(ci)明確了(le)綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)定(ding)義，“指風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽能(neng)(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、生物質(zhi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)不(bu)直接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)入公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，通(tong)過(guo)直連(lian)(lian)(lian)線路向(xiang)單一(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)供給綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)(ke)實現供給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量清(qing)晰物理(li)(li)溯源(yuan)的(de)模式(shi)”。同(tong)時按照負(fu)荷是否接(jie)(jie)入公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)分為(wei)并網(wang)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)離網(wang)型(xing)(xing)(xing)兩類。并網(wang)型(xing)(xing)(xing)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)作為(wei)整體接(jie)(jie)入公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，與公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)形成清(qing)晰的(de)物理(li)(li)界(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)與責任界(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)應(ying)接(jie)(jie)入用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)和(he)公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)產(chan)權分界(jie)(jie)點的(de)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)側。這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)制度設計(ji)既(ji)回應(ying)了(le)歐盟對綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)強制要求，也創新(xin)(xin)性(xing)地界(jie)(jie)定(ding)了(le)“安全責任界(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)”，通(tong)過(guo)產(chan)權分界(jie)(jie)點的(de)物理(li)(li)切割的(de)方式(shi)，創造了(le)“物理(li)(li)隔(ge)離+市場聯通”的雙軌機制(zhi)，既保障了公共(gong)電網安全(quan)穩(wen)定運行(xing)，又賦予市場主體更大的自主權，將電力從“通用商(shang)品”升級(ji)為“低碳通行(xing)證”。

二是回歸(gui)了分布式光(guang)伏發電的初心和本源。長久(jiu)以來，綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)沒有參與現貨的結(jie)算，綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)簽約雙方也(ye)沒有在合(he)同中約定結(jie)算參考點及平衡責(ze)任(ren)承擔(dan)方等(deng)內(nei)容，綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)合(he)同對應的發電(dian)(dian)(dian)及用戶均未承擔(dan)相關責(ze)任(ren)。《通知》突破(po)傳統綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)交易“證書虛擬(ni)交割”模式，首(shou)創“物理直連+市(shi)(shi)場(chang)結算”雙輪驅動，并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)型項目(mu)應按(an)照“以荷(he)定(ding)源”，現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)連(lian)續運行(xing)(xing)地(di)區(qu)可(ke)采(cai)取(qu)整(zheng)體自發(fa)(fa)自用(yong)為(wei)主，余電(dian)上網(wang)(wang)(wang)為(wei)輔的(de)(de)(de)(de)模式(shi)；現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)未連(lian)續運行(xing)(xing)地(di)區(qu)，不(bu)允許向公共電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)反送。同時，在交易(yi)(yi)方面，并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)型綠電(dian)直連(lian)項目(mu)享平(ping)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)地(di)位，按(an)照《電(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)注冊基本規則》進(jin)行(xing)(xing)注冊，原則上應作為(wei)整(zheng)體參與(yu)電(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)交易(yi)(yi)，根(gen)據市(shi)(shi)場(chang)交易(yi)(yi)結果安排生產(chan)，并(bing)按(an)照與(yu)公共電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交換功率(lv)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)結算。項目(mu)負荷(he)不(bu)得(de)由(you)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)企業代理購(gou)電(dian)。《通知(zhi)》為(wei)源網(wang)(wang)(wang)荷(he)儲參與(yu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)化交易(yi)(yi)開辟了(le)(le)新(xin)路徑，這既落實(shi)了(le)(le)《分布式(shi)光(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)開發(fa)(fa)建設管理辦法》的(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)革(ge)要(yao)求，又實(shi)現(xian)了(le)(le)《關(guan)于深化新(xin)能(neng)源上網(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)價市(shi)(shi)場(chang)化改(gai)革(ge) 促進(jin)新(xin)能(neng)源高(gao)質(zhi)量發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)通知(zhi)》中新(xin)能(neng)源上網(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)量原則上全(quan)部進(jin)入電(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政策目(mu)標(biao)。

三是(shi)加強組織保障、創新發展模式(shi)。風(feng)能、太陽能等間歇(xie)性能源(yuan)，給“綠(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)”用戶(hu)的連(lian)(lian)續(xu)性和穩定性帶(dai)來挑(tiao)戰(zhan)。《通(tong)知》要(yao)求，并網(wang)型(xing)綠(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)項目應(ying)通(tong)過(guo)合理配置儲能、挖掘負(fu)荷靈活調(diao)節(jie)潛力(li)等方(fang)(fang)式，充分(fen)提(ti)升(sheng)項目靈活性調(diao)節(jie)能力(li)，盡(jin)可(ke)能減少系(xi)(xi)統(tong)調(diao)節(jie)壓力(li)。《通(tong)知》明(ming)確(que)(que)，綠(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)項目原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)上(shang)由負(fu)荷作為(wei)主責單位。項目電(dian)源(yuan)可(ke)由負(fu)荷投資(zi)，直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)專線(xian)原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)上(shang)應(ying)由負(fu)荷、電(dian)源(yuan)主體(ti)投資(zi)。為(wei)破(po)解新能源(yuan)波動性與(yu)工業連(lian)(lian)續(xu)生產的矛盾，《通(tong)知》一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)要(yao)求直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)項目投資(zi)者承擔專線(xian)建設成(cheng)(cheng)本，通(tong)過(guo)收(shou)益與(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)本的市場(chang)化(hua)平(ping)衡激發投資(zi)活力(li)；另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，明(ming)確(que)(que)鼓勵用戶(hu)提(ti)升(sheng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)友好(hao)性，避(bi)免因(yin)“搭便(bian)車”導致公(gong)共電(dian)網(wang)負(fu)擔轉嫁。為(wei)保證系(xi)(xi)統(tong)安全，《通(tong)知》進行了相關(guan)規范，進一(yi)步細化(hua)上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)量(liang)比例、退出機(ji)制等具體(ti)要(yao)求，引(yin)導項目科學合理評(ping)估需(xu)求，避(bi)免出現實際運行與(yu)設計(ji)方(fang)(fang)案出現較大偏差、新能源(yuan)消納(na)不及(ji)預期等情況。

“綠電(dian)直(zhi)連”雖(sui)然(ran)是(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)領域的(de)(de)創新之舉，具(ju)有廣闊的(de)(de)發(fa)展前(qian)景(jing)，但用戶不(bu)僅(jin)要(yao)承擔建設成(cheng)本，還要(yao)面臨(lin)市場交易(yi)與收益(yi)的(de)(de)不(bu)確定性，綠電(dian)直(zhi)連在推進過程(cheng)中(zhong)面臨(lin)著(zhu)安全、經濟(ji)(ji)、技術等多重(zhong)風險。必須要(yao)看到(dao)，電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)本身就是(shi)最大的(de)(de)網源(yuan)(yuan)荷儲系(xi)統(tong)，“綠電(dian)直(zhi)連”形成(cheng)的(de)(de)小系(xi)統(tong)，在可靠性相同的(de)(de)前(qian)提下，必然(ran)經濟(ji)(ji)性低于大系(xi)統(tong)，因(yin)此(ci)減(jian)少對于大系(xi)統(tong)依賴、自由選擇可靠性是(shi)小系(xi)統(tong)獲得(de)相對經濟(ji)(ji)性的(de)(de)必然(ran)選擇。《通知》不(bu)失為一次迎難(nan)而上的(de)(de)試水，以“綠電(dian)直(zhi)連”試點(dian)為契(qi)機(ji)，凝聚政府、企業和科研機(ji)構等各方合(he)力，加大技術研發(fa)投(tou)入(ru)，完(wan)善市場機(ji)制(zhi)和監管(guan)體系(xi)，為清潔能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)高效利用開辟新道(dao)路。（華能(neng)集(ji)團能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)研究(jiu)院副(fu)院長 陳(chen)大宇）