在全球氣(qi)候治理(li)格局深度(du)(du)重(zhong)構的(de)背景下，“綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)直連”作(zuo)為破解能(neng)源(yuan)轉型與(yu)碳關(guan)稅壁壘雙重(zhong)挑戰的(de)制度(du)(du)創新(xin)，逐(zhu)漸進(jin)(jin)入人們的(de)視野。國家發(fa)展改革委、國家能(neng)源(yuan)局印(yin)發(fa)《關(guan)于(yu)有(you)(you)序推動綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)直連發(fa)展有(you)(you)關(guan)事項的(de)通(tong)知(zhi)》（以(yi)下簡稱《通(tong)知(zhi)》）開(kai)展綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)直連試點項目，旨(zhi)在提(ti)升清潔(jie)能(neng)源(yuan)利用(yong)效率、提(ti)升綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)的(de)物理(li)屬性，這(zhe)種創新(xin)模(mo)式(shi)將綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)消費在時間精度(du)(du)和發(fa)用(yong)電(dian)位置上的(de)顆粒度(du)(du)進(jin)(jin)一步提(ti)升，為全國新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)產(chan)業的(de)發(fa)展提(ti)供了(le)有(you)(you)益的(de)探索和借鑒(jian)。

從(cong)國(guo)際視角來看，根據(ju)歐盟(meng)去(qu)年(nian)4月公布的(de)(de)(de)《新電池法案》下的(de)(de)(de)碳足跡計算(suan)規(gui)則草案及各國(guo)對于(yu)電力直(zhi)連(lian)的(de)(de)(de)概念，“連(lian)接(jie)獨(du)立發電站點(dian)與(yu)獨(du)立用戶之間的(de)(de)(de)電力線(xian)路，或連(lian)接(jie)發電企業(ye)與(yu)電力供(gong)應商直(zhi)接(jie)為其自有場所、子公司及客戶供(gong)電的(de)(de)(de)電力線(xian)路”，“綠電直(zhi)連(lian)”應是通(tong)過“拉專線(xian)”的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式連(lian)接(jie)新能源電站與(yu)用戶。有意(yi)思的(de)(de)(de)是，在歐(ou)盟各國(guo)實踐中并未(wei)切斷與(yu)大電網的(de)(de)(de)聯系，根據美國(guo)國(guo)際(ji)開發署（USAID）統計(ji)，在(zai)歐盟已經展開綠電直連(lian)實踐的國(guo)家(jia)中，拉(la)脫維亞直連(lian)線(xian)路(lu)的用戶有(you)權保持(chi)與系(xi)統的永久連(lian)接作(zuo)為備(bei)(bei)用，或者在(zai)用戶沒有(you)安(an)裝(zhuang)永久連(lian)接的情況下(xia)，要求系(xi)統運營商安(an)裝(zhuang)備(bei)(bei)用連(lian)接。波蘭(lan)政府認為，將“直連(lian)線(xian)路(lu)”的定義狹隘地理解為在(zai)孤島(dao)系(xi)統內運行(xing)，違(wei)反了歐盟指令。

中國方案展現出顯著的系統性(xing)優勢(shi)。一(yi)是制度創新：構(gou)建(jian)與國際規則(ze)兼容的(de)本土化框架。在我國(guo)目前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)中（不(bu)含分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)(jie)供應），幾(ji)乎全(quan)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)都(dou)是(shi)先連接(jie)(jie)到輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)再(zai)通(tong)過配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)輸送(song)給用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)，不(bu)同類(lei)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)生(sheng)產(chan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)后受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣規律和(he)基爾霍夫定律等(deng)影響，各種類(lei)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力“眾流(liu)歸源(yuan)(yuan)”一(yi)樣(yang)混淆在一(yi)起，用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)無法明確使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力由哪個發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠提供，也(ye)無法分(fen)(fen)辨用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)在某(mou)一(yi)瞬間使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力屬(shu)于哪種類(lei)型。用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)與發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并(bing)不(bu)存在物理上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可再(zai)生(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)生(sheng)產(chan)消費的(de)(de)(de)(de)“可追溯(su)”，“漂綠”帶來的(de)(de)(de)(de)道德問題，引發(fa)諸多爭議。《通(tong)知》首(shou)次明確了(le)綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連的(de)(de)(de)(de)定義，“指風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽能發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、生(sheng)物質發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)入公(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，通(tong)過直(zhi)(zhi)連線路向單一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)供給綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可實現(xian)供給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)清晰物理溯(su)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模式(shi)”。同時按照負荷是(shi)否接(jie)(jie)入公(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)型和(he)離網(wang)(wang)(wang)型兩類(lei)。并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)型項(xiang)目作為(wei)整體接(jie)(jie)入公(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，與公(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)形成清晰的(de)(de)(de)(de)物理界(jie)(jie)面與責(ze)任界(jie)(jie)面，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)應接(jie)(jie)入用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)和(he)公(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)產(chan)權分(fen)(fen)界(jie)(jie)點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)側。這一(yi)制度設計(ji)既回應了(le)歐盟對綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連的(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)制要求，也(ye)創新(xin)性地(di)界(jie)(jie)定了(le)“安全(quan)責(ze)任界(jie)(jie)面”，通(tong)過產(chan)權分(fen)(fen)界(jie)(jie)點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物理切(qie)割的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)，創造了(le)“物理隔離+市場聯(lian)通”的(de)雙軌機制(zhi)，既保障(zhang)了公共電(dian)網安全(quan)穩定(ding)運(yun)行，又賦予(yu)市場主體更大的(de)自(zi)主權，將電(dian)力從“通用商品(pin)”升級為“低碳通行證”。

二是回歸了分布式光伏發電的(de)初心和本源。長久以來，綠(lv)(lv)電沒有(you)參與現貨的結算，綠(lv)(lv)電簽約雙方也沒有(you)在合同(tong)中約定(ding)結算參考(kao)點及平(ping)衡責(ze)任(ren)承擔方等內(nei)容，綠(lv)(lv)電合同(tong)對應的發電及用戶均(jun)未承擔相(xiang)關責(ze)任(ren)。《通知(zhi)》突破傳統綠(lv)(lv)電交(jiao)易(yi)“證(zheng)書虛(xu)擬交(jiao)割”模式，首創“物理直連+市場(chang)(chang)結(jie)算”雙輪(lun)驅動(dong)，并網型項(xiang)目(mu)應按照(zhao)“以(yi)荷定源(yuan)”，現(xian)貨(huo)市場(chang)(chang)連續運行地(di)區可采取整(zheng)體(ti)自發(fa)(fa)自用為(wei)(wei)主，余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)網為(wei)(wei)輔的(de)(de)模式(shi)；現(xian)貨(huo)市場(chang)(chang)未連續運行地(di)區，不允許向公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網反(fan)送。同時，在交易方(fang)面，并網型綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連項(xiang)目(mu)享平等的(de)(de)市場(chang)(chang)地(di)位，按照(zhao)《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)(chang)注(zhu)冊基本規(gui)則》進行注(zhu)冊，原(yuan)則上(shang)應作為(wei)(wei)整(zheng)體(ti)參(can)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)(chang)交易，根據(ju)市場(chang)(chang)交易結(jie)果(guo)安排(pai)生產，并按照(zhao)與(yu)公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)交換功率進行結(jie)算。項(xiang)目(mu)負(fu)荷不得由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網企(qi)業代理購電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。《通(tong)知(zhi)》為(wei)(wei)源(yuan)網荷儲參(can)與(yu)市場(chang)(chang)化交易開辟了新(xin)路徑，這既落實(shi)了《分布(bu)式(shi)光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開發(fa)(fa)建設管理辦法》的(de)(de)改革(ge)要(yao)求，又實(shi)現(xian)了《關于深(shen)化新(xin)能源(yuan)上(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)市場(chang)(chang)化改革(ge) 促進新(xin)能源(yuan)高質量發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)通(tong)知(zhi)》中(zhong)新(xin)能源(yuan)上(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量原(yuan)則上(shang)全部(bu)進入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)政策目(mu)標。

三是加(jia)強組織保障(zhang)、創新發展模式。風能、太陽(yang)能等(deng)(deng)間(jian)歇性能源(yuan)，給“綠電(dian)直連”用(yong)戶(hu)的(de)連續(xu)性和穩定(ding)性帶來挑戰。《通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)知》要(yao)求(qiu)，并網型綠電(dian)直連項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)應(ying)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過合理(li)配置儲能、挖掘負(fu)(fu)荷靈活調節(jie)潛(qian)力(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)方(fang)式，充(chong)分(fen)提(ti)升(sheng)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)靈活性調節(jie)能力(li)(li)，盡可能減少系(xi)統調節(jie)壓力(li)(li)。《通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)知》明確，綠電(dian)直連項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)原則上(shang)由負(fu)(fu)荷作(zuo)為(wei)主責單位。項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)電(dian)源(yuan)可由負(fu)(fu)荷投資(zi)，直連專線(xian)原則上(shang)應(ying)由負(fu)(fu)荷、電(dian)源(yuan)主體(ti)投資(zi)。為(wei)破解新能源(yuan)波動性與工(gong)業連續(xu)生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)矛盾，《通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)知》一方(fang)面(mian)要(yao)求(qiu)直連項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)投資(zi)者承擔專線(xian)建(jian)設(she)成(cheng)本，通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過收(shou)益(yi)與成(cheng)本的(de)市場化(hua)平衡激(ji)發投資(zi)活力(li)(li)；另一方(fang)面(mian)，明確鼓勵(li)用(yong)戶(hu)提(ti)升(sheng)系(xi)統友好性，避免因“搭便車”導致公共電(dian)網負(fu)(fu)擔轉嫁。為(wei)保(bao)證系(xi)統安全，《通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)知》進行(xing)了相關規范，進一步細(xi)化(hua)上(shang)網電(dian)量比例、退出機(ji)制等(deng)(deng)具體(ti)要(yao)求(qiu)，引(yin)導項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)科(ke)學合理(li)評估(gu)需求(qiu)，避免出現實際運(yun)行(xing)與設(she)計方(fang)案(an)出現較大偏差、新能源(yuan)消(xiao)納不及預期等(deng)(deng)情況。

“綠(lv)(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連”雖然(ran)是能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)領域的創新之舉，具(ju)有廣闊的發展前景，但用(yong)戶(hu)不(bu)僅要(yao)承擔建設成本，還要(yao)面(mian)臨(lin)市場(chang)交易與(yu)收(shou)益(yi)的不(bu)確定性，綠(lv)(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連在(zai)推進過(guo)程中面(mian)臨(lin)著安全、經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)、技(ji)術等多(duo)重風(feng)險。必(bi)須要(yao)看到，電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統本身就是最(zui)大的網源(yuan)荷儲系(xi)統，“綠(lv)(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連”形(xing)成的小系(xi)統，在(zai)可靠性相同的前提下，必(bi)然(ran)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)性低于大系(xi)統，因此減少對(dui)于大系(xi)統依賴、自由選(xuan)擇可靠性是小系(xi)統獲得相對(dui)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)性的必(bi)然(ran)選(xuan)擇。《通知》不(bu)失為(wei)(wei)一次迎(ying)難(nan)而上的試(shi)水，以“綠(lv)(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連”試(shi)點為(wei)(wei)契機，凝聚政府、企業和科(ke)研(yan)機構(gou)等各方合力，加大技(ji)術研(yan)發投(tou)入，完善市場(chang)機制和監管體系(xi)，為(wei)(wei)清潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的高效利(li)用(yong)開辟新道路。（華(hua)能(neng)(neng)集團能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)研(yan)究院副院長(chang) 陳(chen)大宇(yu)）