在全(quan)球氣候(hou)治理格局(ju)深(shen)度重構的背景下，“綠(lv)(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連”作為破解能源(yuan)轉型與碳(tan)關(guan)稅壁壘(lei)雙重挑戰的制度創新(xin)，逐漸進(jin)入人(ren)們(men)的視野。國家發(fa)展改(gai)革(ge)委、國家能源(yuan)局(ju)印發(fa)《關(guan)于(yu)有(you)序推動綠(lv)(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連發(fa)展有(you)關(guan)事項的通(tong)知》（以下簡稱《通(tong)知》）開(kai)展綠(lv)(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連試點項目，旨在提升(sheng)清(qing)潔能源(yuan)利用效率、提升(sheng)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)的物理屬性(xing)，這種(zhong)創新(xin)模式(shi)將綠(lv)(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)消費(fei)在時(shi)間精度和發(fa)用電(dian)(dian)位置上的顆粒度進(jin)一(yi)步提升(sheng)，為全(quan)國新(xin)能源(yuan)產業的發(fa)展提供了有(you)益的探(tan)索和借鑒。

從國際(ji)視角(jiao)來看，根(gen)據歐盟(meng)去(qu)年(nian)4月(yue)公(gong)布的(de)《新(xin)電(dian)池法案》下(xia)的(de)碳足跡計算(suan)規(gui)則草案及(ji)各(ge)國(guo)對(dui)于電(dian)力(li)(li)直(zhi)連(lian)的(de)概念，“連(lian)接(jie)(jie)獨(du)(du)立(li)發(fa)電(dian)站(zhan)點與獨(du)(du)立(li)用(yong)戶之間的(de)電(dian)力(li)(li)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)，或連(lian)接(jie)(jie)發(fa)電(dian)企業與電(dian)力(li)(li)供應(ying)商直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)為其自有(you)場所(suo)、子公(gong)司(si)及(ji)客戶供電(dian)的(de)電(dian)力(li)(li)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)”，“綠電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)”應(ying)是(shi)通過“拉專線(xian)”的(de)方式連(lian)接(jie)(jie)新(xin)能源電(dian)站(zhan)與用(yong)戶。有(you)意(yi)思(si)的(de)是(shi)，在歐盟各(ge)國(guo)實踐中并未(wei)切斷(duan)與大電(dian)網(wang)的(de)聯系，根據美國(guo)國(guo)際開(kai)發(fa)署(shu)（USAID）統(tong)計，在(zai)歐盟已(yi)經展(zhan)開綠(lv)電(dian)直連實踐的(de)國家中，拉脫維(wei)亞直連線路的(de)用戶(hu)有(you)權保持與系統(tong)的(de)永久連接作為備用，或(huo)者在(zai)用戶(hu)沒(mei)有(you)安裝(zhuang)永久連接的(de)情況下，要求系統(tong)運(yun)營商安裝(zhuang)備用連接。波(bo)蘭政府認(ren)為，將“直連線路”的(de)定義狹隘(ai)地理解(jie)為在(zai)孤(gu)島系統(tong)內(nei)運(yun)行，違(wei)反了歐盟指(zhi)令(ling)。

中(zhong)國方(fang)案展現出顯著的(de)系統性優勢。一是(shi)制度創新：構建與國際(ji)規則兼容的本土(tu)化(hua)框(kuang)架(jia)。在我國目(mu)前(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統中(zhong)（不含分(fen)(fen)(fen)布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)供應(ying)(ying)），幾(ji)乎全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)都(dou)是(shi)先連(lian)接(jie)(jie)到(dao)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)再通過配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)輸送給用(yong)戶(hu)，不同(tong)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)上(shang)網(wang)后受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)規律和基爾霍夫定律等(deng)(deng)影響，各種(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力“眾(zhong)流歸源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”一樣混淆在一起，用(yong)戶(hu)無(wu)法明(ming)確(que)使用(yong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力由哪(na)個發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠提供，也無(wu)法分(fen)(fen)(fen)辨用(yong)戶(hu)在某一瞬間使用(yong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力屬(shu)于哪(na)種(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)。用(yong)戶(hu)與(yu)(yu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并不存在物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理上(shang)的可(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)消費的“可(ke)追溯”，“漂綠(lv)(lv)”帶來的道(dao)德問題，引發諸多(duo)爭議。《通知(zhi)》首次明(ming)確(que)了(le)綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)的定義，“指風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)(deng)新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)入(ru)公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，通過直(zhi)連(lian)線路向單一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用(yong)戶(hu)供給綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)實現供給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)清晰(xi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理溯源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的模式(shi)(shi)”。同(tong)時按照負荷是(shi)否接(jie)(jie)入(ru)公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)并網(wang)型(xing)(xing)和離網(wang)型(xing)(xing)兩類(lei)。并網(wang)型(xing)(xing)項目(mu)作(zuo)為(wei)整(zheng)體接(jie)(jie)入(ru)公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，與(yu)(yu)公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)形成(cheng)清晰(xi)的物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理界面(mian)與(yu)(yu)責任界面(mian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)(ying)接(jie)(jie)入(ru)用(yong)戶(hu)和公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)產(chan)權分(fen)(fen)(fen)界點的用(yong)戶(hu)側。這一制度(du)設(she)計既回應(ying)(ying)了(le)歐盟對綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)的強制要求(qiu)，也創新性地界定了(le)“安全責任界面(mian)”，通過產(chan)權分(fen)(fen)(fen)界點的物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理切割的方式(shi)(shi)，創造(zao)了(le)“物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理隔離+市(shi)場(chang)聯通”的(de)雙軌機(ji)制，既(ji)保障了公(gong)共(gong)電網安全穩定運行，又賦予(yu)市(shi)場(chang)主體更大的(de)自主權(quan)，將電力從“通用商品”升級為“低碳(tan)通行證”。

二是回歸了分布式光伏發電(dian)的初(chu)心和本源。長久以來，綠(lv)電(dian)沒(mei)有參與現貨的結算(suan)(suan)，綠(lv)電(dian)簽約雙方(fang)(fang)也沒(mei)有在(zai)合(he)同中約定結算(suan)(suan)參考點及平衡責(ze)(ze)任承擔方(fang)(fang)等內容，綠(lv)電(dian)合(he)同對應(ying)的發電(dian)及用戶均未承擔相(xiang)關(guan)責(ze)(ze)任。《通知》突破傳統(tong)綠(lv)電(dian)交(jiao)易(yi)“證(zheng)書虛(xu)擬(ni)交(jiao)割(ge)”模式，首創“物理直連+市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)結算”雙輪驅動，并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)項目應(ying)按(an)照(zhao)“以荷(he)定源(yuan)”，現(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)連(lian)(lian)續運(yun)行地(di)區(qu)可采(cai)取(qu)整體(ti)自(zi)發(fa)自(zi)用(yong)為(wei)主，余電(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)為(wei)輔的(de)(de)模式；現(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)未連(lian)(lian)續運(yun)行地(di)區(qu)，不允許向(xiang)公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)反送。同時，在交(jiao)易方面，并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)直連(lian)(lian)項目享(xiang)平等的(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)地(di)位，按(an)照(zhao)《電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)注(zhu)冊基本規則(ze)》進(jin)(jin)行注(zhu)冊，原(yuan)則(ze)上(shang)應(ying)作為(wei)整體(ti)參與電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)交(jiao)易，根據市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)交(jiao)易結果(guo)安(an)排生產(chan)，并(bing)按(an)照(zhao)與公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)交(jiao)換(huan)功率進(jin)(jin)行結算。項目負荷(he)不得由電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)企(qi)業代理購電(dian)(dian)(dian)。《通知(zhi)(zhi)》為(wei)源(yuan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)荷(he)儲參與市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)化交(jiao)易開(kai)辟了(le)(le)新(xin)路徑，這既(ji)落實了(le)(le)《分(fen)布式光伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)發(fa)建設管理辦法(fa)》的(de)(de)改(gai)革(ge)要求，又實現(xian)了(le)(le)《關于深化新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)化改(gai)革(ge) 促進(jin)(jin)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)高質量發(fa)展的(de)(de)通知(zhi)(zhi)》中(zhong)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量原(yuan)則(ze)上(shang)全部(bu)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)政策(ce)目標。

三是加強(qiang)組織保障(zhang)、創(chuang)新發展模式。風能(neng)、太陽能(neng)等(deng)間歇性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)，給(gei)“綠(lv)電(dian)直連(lian)(lian)”用戶的連(lian)(lian)續性(xing)(xing)(xing)和穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)(xing)帶來挑戰。《通(tong)知》要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，并網型綠(lv)電(dian)直連(lian)(lian)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)應(ying)通(tong)過合理(li)配置儲能(neng)、挖(wa)掘負(fu)荷(he)靈活(huo)(huo)調節(jie)潛力(li)等(deng)方式(shi)，充(chong)分提升(sheng)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)靈活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)調節(jie)能(neng)力(li)，盡可(ke)能(neng)減少系(xi)統(tong)(tong)調節(jie)壓(ya)力(li)。《通(tong)知》明(ming)確，綠(lv)電(dian)直連(lian)(lian)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)原(yuan)則(ze)上(shang)由(you)負(fu)荷(he)作為主責單位。項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)由(you)負(fu)荷(he)投(tou)資，直連(lian)(lian)專線(xian)原(yuan)則(ze)上(shang)應(ying)由(you)負(fu)荷(he)、電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)主體投(tou)資。為破解新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)波動性(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)工(gong)業連(lian)(lian)續生產的矛盾，《通(tong)知》一(yi)方面(mian)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)直連(lian)(lian)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)投(tou)資者承擔專線(xian)建設(she)成本，通(tong)過收益與(yu)(yu)(yu)成本的市場(chang)化平衡激發投(tou)資活(huo)(huo)力(li)；另(ling)一(yi)方面(mian)，明(ming)確鼓(gu)勵用戶提升(sheng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)友(you)好性(xing)(xing)(xing)，避(bi)免(mian)(mian)因(yin)“搭便車”導致公共電(dian)網負(fu)擔轉嫁。為保證(zheng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)安全，《通(tong)知》進(jin)行了(le)相關規范，進(jin)一(yi)步細化上(shang)網電(dian)量比(bi)例(li)、退出機制等(deng)具體要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，引導項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)科學合理(li)評估(gu)需求(qiu)，避(bi)免(mian)(mian)出現實際(ji)運行與(yu)(yu)(yu)設(she)計方案出現較大偏差、新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消納不及預期等(deng)情(qing)況。

“綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)直連”雖(sui)然是(shi)能源(yuan)(yuan)領域的(de)(de)創新(xin)之(zhi)舉，具有廣(guang)闊的(de)(de)發展前景，但用(yong)戶不僅要(yao)承擔(dan)建(jian)設(she)成(cheng)本(ben)，還(huan)要(yao)面(mian)臨市(shi)場交易與(yu)收益的(de)(de)不確定性(xing)(xing)，綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)直連在推進過程中(zhong)面(mian)臨著(zhu)安(an)全、經(jing)濟(ji)、技(ji)術等多重風險(xian)。必須要(yao)看到，電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統本(ben)身就是(shi)最大(da)的(de)(de)網(wang)源(yuan)(yuan)荷儲系(xi)(xi)(xi)統，“綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)直連”形成(cheng)的(de)(de)小系(xi)(xi)(xi)統，在可(ke)靠性(xing)(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)同的(de)(de)前提下(xia)，必然經(jing)濟(ji)性(xing)(xing)低于大(da)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統，因此減(jian)少(shao)對于大(da)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統依賴(lai)、自由選擇可(ke)靠性(xing)(xing)是(shi)小系(xi)(xi)(xi)統獲得相(xiang)(xiang)對經(jing)濟(ji)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)必然選擇。《通知》不失(shi)為一次迎難(nan)而上的(de)(de)試水(shui)，以“綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)直連”試點為契機(ji)(ji)，凝聚政府、企業和(he)科研(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)等各方合(he)力(li)，加大(da)技(ji)術研(yan)(yan)(yan)發投(tou)入，完善(shan)市(shi)場機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)和(he)監管體系(xi)(xi)(xi)，為清潔能源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)高(gao)效利(li)用(yong)開辟(pi)新(xin)道(dao)路。（華能集團能源(yuan)(yuan)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究院副院長 陳大(da)宇）