在(zai)全球(qiu)氣候治理格(ge)局深度重(zhong)構的(de)(de)背景下(xia)，“綠(lv)電直(zhi)(zhi)連”作為(wei)破解能源轉型與碳關(guan)稅壁(bi)壘雙重(zhong)挑戰(zhan)的(de)(de)制度創(chuang)新，逐漸進(jin)入人(ren)們的(de)(de)視野。國(guo)家(jia)發展(zhan)改革委、國(guo)家(jia)能源局印(yin)發《關(guan)于有序(xu)推動綠(lv)電直(zhi)(zhi)連發展(zhan)有關(guan)事項(xiang)的(de)(de)通知(zhi)》（以(yi)下(xia)簡稱《通知(zhi)》）開展(zhan)綠(lv)電直(zhi)(zhi)連試點項(xiang)目，旨在(zai)提(ti)升清潔能源利用效率、提(ti)升綠(lv)電的(de)(de)物理屬性(xing)，這種創(chuang)新模式將綠(lv)電消費(fei)在(zai)時間(jian)精(jing)度和發用電位置上的(de)(de)顆粒度進(jin)一步提(ti)升，為(wei)全國(guo)新能源產業的(de)(de)發展(zhan)提(ti)供了有益的(de)(de)探索和借鑒。

從國際(ji)視角(jiao)來看，根據歐盟去(qu)年4月公布的(de)《新電(dian)池法案》下的(de)碳足跡計算規則草案及(ji)(ji)各(ge)國(guo)(guo)對于電(dian)力(li)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)的(de)概念，“連(lian)(lian)接(jie)獨立發電(dian)站點與(yu)獨立用戶(hu)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)電(dian)力(li)線(xian)路(lu)，或連(lian)(lian)接(jie)發電(dian)企業與(yu)電(dian)力(li)供應(ying)商直(zhi)接(jie)為其(qi)自(zi)有場所、子公司及(ji)(ji)客戶(hu)供電(dian)的(de)電(dian)力(li)線(xian)路(lu)”，“綠電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)”應(ying)是通過“拉專線(xian)”的(de)方式(shi)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)新能源電(dian)站與(yu)用戶(hu)。有意思的(de)是，在歐盟各(ge)國(guo)(guo)實踐中(zhong)并未切斷與(yu)大電(dian)網的(de)聯系，根據美國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)際開發署（USAID）統計，在(zai)歐盟(meng)已(yi)經展開綠(lv)電直連(lian)(lian)實踐的國家中，拉脫維(wei)亞直連(lian)(lian)線路的用(yong)(yong)戶有權保持(chi)與系(xi)(xi)統的永久連(lian)(lian)接(jie)作(zuo)為(wei)備用(yong)(yong)，或者在(zai)用(yong)(yong)戶沒(mei)有安(an)裝永久連(lian)(lian)接(jie)的情況下(xia)，要求系(xi)(xi)統運營商(shang)安(an)裝備用(yong)(yong)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)。波蘭政府(fu)認為(wei)，將“直連(lian)(lian)線路”的定(ding)義(yi)狹隘(ai)地理解為(wei)在(zai)孤島系(xi)(xi)統內運行，違反了歐盟(meng)指(zhi)令。

中國方案展現出顯著(zhu)的系統性優(you)勢。一是制度創新：構(gou)建與國際規則兼容的本土化框架。在我國目前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系統中（不(bu)含分(fen)(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)直(zhi)接(jie)供(gong)應(ying)），幾乎全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)都是先連接(jie)到輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)再(zai)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)輸送給(gei)(gei)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)，不(bu)同(tong)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)生(sheng)產(chan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)后受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣規律和基爾霍夫定律等影響，各種類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)“眾(zhong)流歸(gui)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”一樣混淆在一起，用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)無法明確使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)由哪個發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)提供(gong)，也(ye)無法分(fen)(fen)辨(bian)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)在某(mou)一瞬(shun)間使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)屬(shu)于哪種類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)。用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)與發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并(bing)不(bu)存在物(wu)理(li)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量生(sheng)產(chan)消(xiao)費的(de)(de)(de)(de)“可(ke)追溯”，“漂綠(lv)”帶來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)道德問題，引(yin)發(fa)(fa)諸多爭(zheng)議(yi)。《通(tong)(tong)知》首(shou)次(ci)明確了綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連的(de)(de)(de)(de)定義，“指風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽能(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、生(sheng)物(wu)質發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)直(zhi)接(jie)接(jie)入公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)直(zhi)連線路(lu)向單(dan)一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)供(gong)給(gei)(gei)綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)實現供(gong)給(gei)(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量清(qing)晰物(wu)理(li)溯源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)式(shi)”。同(tong)時(shi)按照(zhao)負(fu)荷是否(fou)接(jie)入公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)分(fen)(fen)為并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)(xing)和離(li)網(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)(xing)兩類(lei)(lei)。并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)(xing)項目作為整體接(jie)入公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，與公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)形成清(qing)晰的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理(li)界(jie)面(mian)(mian)與責(ze)任(ren)界(jie)面(mian)(mian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)接(jie)入用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)和公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)產(chan)權分(fen)(fen)界(jie)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)側(ce)。這一制度設計既回應(ying)了歐盟對綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連的(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)制要求，也(ye)創新性地(di)界(jie)定了“安全責(ze)任(ren)界(jie)面(mian)(mian)”，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)產(chan)權分(fen)(fen)界(jie)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理(li)切割的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)，創造了“物(wu)理(li)隔離(li)+市(shi)場(chang)聯通(tong)”的雙軌(gui)機(ji)制，既保障了公共電網安全穩定運行，又賦予市(shi)場(chang)主(zhu)體更大(da)的自主(zhu)權，將(jiang)電力從“通(tong)用商(shang)品”升級為“低碳通(tong)行證”。

二(er)是(shi)回歸了分布式光伏發電(dian)的初心和本源。長久以來，綠電(dian)沒(mei)有參與現(xian)貨的(de)結(jie)算，綠電(dian)簽約雙方也沒(mei)有在(zai)合同中約定結(jie)算參考點(dian)及(ji)平衡責(ze)任承(cheng)(cheng)擔方等內容，綠電(dian)合同對應的(de)發電(dian)及(ji)用戶均未承(cheng)(cheng)擔相關責(ze)任。《通知》突破(po)傳統(tong)綠電(dian)交(jiao)易(yi)“證書虛擬交(jiao)割”模式，首(shou)創“物理直連+市(shi)場結算”雙輪驅動(dong)，并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)項目應按照(zhao)“以荷定源”，現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市(shi)場連(lian)續運(yun)行地(di)區可采取整體(ti)自發自用(yong)為主，余電(dian)上網(wang)(wang)(wang)為輔的(de)(de)模式；現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市(shi)場未連(lian)續運(yun)行地(di)區，不允許向公共(gong)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)反送。同(tong)時，在交(jiao)(jiao)易方面，并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)綠電(dian)直連(lian)項目享平等的(de)(de)市(shi)場地(di)位，按照(zhao)《電(dian)力市(shi)場注(zhu)冊基本規則(ze)》進行注(zhu)冊，原則(ze)上應作(zuo)為整體(ti)參與電(dian)力市(shi)場交(jiao)(jiao)易，根(gen)據市(shi)場交(jiao)(jiao)易結果(guo)安排生(sheng)產(chan)，并(bing)按照(zhao)與公共(gong)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)換功率(lv)進行結算。項目負荷不得由電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)企(qi)業代(dai)理(li)購(gou)電(dian)。《通(tong)知(zhi)》為源網(wang)(wang)(wang)荷儲參與市(shi)場化交(jiao)(jiao)易開(kai)辟了(le)新路(lu)徑，這既落實了(le)《分布式光(guang)伏發電(dian)開(kai)發建設管理(li)辦(ban)法》的(de)(de)改(gai)革(ge)要(yao)求，又實現(xian)了(le)《關于深化新能(neng)源上網(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)價(jia)市(shi)場化改(gai)革(ge) 促進新能(neng)源高質量發展的(de)(de)通(tong)知(zhi)》中新能(neng)源上網(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)量原則(ze)上全部進入電(dian)力市(shi)場的(de)(de)政策(ce)目標。

三是(shi)加強組織保障、創新發(fa)展模式。風能、太陽能等間(jian)歇性(xing)(xing)(xing)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，給“綠電(dian)直連(lian)(lian)(lian)”用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)的(de)連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)和穩定性(xing)(xing)(xing)帶來挑戰。《通(tong)(tong)知》要(yao)求，并(bing)網型綠電(dian)直連(lian)(lian)(lian)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目應通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)合(he)理(li)配置(zhi)儲能、挖掘負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)靈活(huo)(huo)調節潛(qian)力等方(fang)式(shi)，充分提升項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目靈活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)調節能力，盡可(ke)能減少系(xi)(xi)統調節壓力。《通(tong)(tong)知》明確(que)，綠電(dian)直連(lian)(lian)(lian)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目原(yuan)則(ze)上(shang)由(you)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)作為(wei)主責單(dan)位。項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)由(you)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)投資，直連(lian)(lian)(lian)專線原(yuan)則(ze)上(shang)應由(you)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)、電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)主體(ti)投資。為(wei)破解新能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)波(bo)動性(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)工業連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)生(sheng)產的(de)矛盾，《通(tong)(tong)知》一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)要(yao)求直連(lian)(lian)(lian)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目投資者承擔專線建設(she)(she)成本，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)收益與(yu)成本的(de)市(shi)場化(hua)平衡激發投資活(huo)(huo)力；另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，明確(que)鼓(gu)勵用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)提升系(xi)(xi)統友好性(xing)(xing)(xing)，避(bi)(bi)免(mian)因“搭(da)便車(che)”導致(zhi)公共電(dian)網負(fu)(fu)擔轉(zhuan)嫁。為(wei)保證系(xi)(xi)統安全，《通(tong)(tong)知》進行(xing)了相關(guan)規(gui)范(fan)，進一(yi)步細化(hua)上(shang)網電(dian)量(liang)比例(li)、退出(chu)(chu)機制等具體(ti)要(yao)求，引(yin)導項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目科(ke)學合(he)理(li)評估需求，避(bi)(bi)免(mian)出(chu)(chu)現實際(ji)運行(xing)與(yu)設(she)(she)計方(fang)案出(chu)(chu)現較大偏差(cha)、新能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)納不及預期等情況。

“綠(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)(lian)”雖然是能(neng)源(yuan)領域的(de)創新之舉，具有廣闊的(de)發展前(qian)景，但用(yong)(yong)戶不僅要承(cheng)擔(dan)建設成(cheng)本(ben)，還要面臨市場交易與收益的(de)不確定性(xing)，綠(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)(lian)在推進過程中(zhong)面臨著(zhu)安(an)全、經(jing)濟、技術等多(duo)重風險(xian)。必須要看到，電(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)本(ben)身就是最(zui)大的(de)網源(yuan)荷儲系統(tong)(tong)，“綠(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)(lian)”形成(cheng)的(de)小(xiao)系統(tong)(tong)，在可靠(kao)(kao)性(xing)相同的(de)前(qian)提下，必然經(jing)濟性(xing)低于大系統(tong)(tong)，因此減(jian)少(shao)對于大系統(tong)(tong)依賴(lai)、自由(you)選擇可靠(kao)(kao)性(xing)是小(xiao)系統(tong)(tong)獲得相對經(jing)濟性(xing)的(de)必然選擇。《通知》不失(shi)為一次迎(ying)難而上(shang)的(de)試(shi)水，以“綠(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)(lian)”試(shi)點(dian)為契機(ji)，凝聚政府、企業和(he)科研機(ji)構(gou)等各方合(he)力，加大技術研發投入(ru)，完善市場機(ji)制和(he)監(jian)管體(ti)系，為清潔能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)高(gao)效利用(yong)(yong)開辟新道(dao)路(lu)。（華能(neng)集(ji)團能(neng)源(yuan)研究院副院長(chang) 陳大宇）