在全球氣候(hou)治理格局(ju)深度(du)重構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)背景(jing)下，“綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)直連(lian)(lian)”作為破解能源(yuan)轉(zhuan)型與碳(tan)關稅壁(bi)壘雙重挑戰的(de)(de)(de)制度(du)創新(xin)，逐(zhu)漸進入人們的(de)(de)(de)視野。國(guo)家發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)改革委、國(guo)家能源(yuan)局(ju)印發《關于有(you)序推動綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)直連(lian)(lian)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)有(you)關事項的(de)(de)(de)通知(zhi)》（以下簡稱《通知(zhi)》）開展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)直連(lian)(lian)試點項目，旨在提(ti)升(sheng)清潔能源(yuan)利用效率、提(ti)升(sheng)綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)物理屬性(xing)，這種創新(xin)模式將綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)消費(fei)在時(shi)間(jian)精度(du)和(he)發用電(dian)(dian)(dian)位置上的(de)(de)(de)顆粒度(du)進一(yi)步提(ti)升(sheng)，為全國(guo)新(xin)能源(yuan)產業的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)提(ti)供了有(you)益的(de)(de)(de)探(tan)索和(he)借(jie)鑒。

從國際視角(jiao)來看，根據歐(ou)盟去年(nian)4月公(gong)布的(de)(de)《新(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池法(fa)案》下的(de)(de)碳(tan)足跡(ji)計算規(gui)則草(cao)案及(ji)各(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)對于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)直(zhi)連(lian)的(de)(de)概念，“連(lian)接(jie)獨立(li)(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站點與(yu)獨立(li)(li)用戶(hu)之間的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)路，或連(lian)接(jie)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)應商直(zhi)接(jie)為(wei)其自有場(chang)所(suo)、子公(gong)司及(ji)客戶(hu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)路”，“綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)”應是通過“拉專線(xian)”的(de)(de)方式連(lian)接(jie)新(xin)能源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站與(yu)用戶(hu)。有意思的(de)(de)是，在歐(ou)盟(meng)各(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)實踐中并未切斷與(yu)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)聯系，根(gen)據美國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)際開發(fa)署（USAID）統計，在(zai)(zai)歐(ou)盟已經展開(kai)綠電直(zhi)連(lian)實踐的國(guo)家中，拉(la)脫維亞直(zhi)連(lian)線(xian)路的用戶(hu)有權(quan)保(bao)持與系(xi)統的永(yong)久(jiu)連(lian)接作為備用，或者在(zai)(zai)用戶(hu)沒有安(an)裝永(yong)久(jiu)連(lian)接的情況下，要求系(xi)統運營商安(an)裝備用連(lian)接。波蘭政(zheng)府認為，將“直(zhi)連(lian)線(xian)路”的定義狹(xia)隘(ai)地理解(jie)為在(zai)(zai)孤島系(xi)統內運行，違反了歐(ou)盟指令。

中國方(fang)案展現出顯著的系統性優勢(shi)。一(yi)是(shi)制度創新：構(gou)建與國際規則兼容的本(ben)土化(hua)框架。在(zai)我國目前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)中（不(bu)含分(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)直(zhi)(zhi)接供應(ying)），幾乎全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)都是先連接到輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)再(zai)通(tong)過配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)輸(shu)送給用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)，不(bu)同類(lei)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)生(sheng)產電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)上(shang)網(wang)后受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)規律和基爾(er)霍(huo)夫定(ding)律等(deng)影響，各種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)“眾(zhong)流歸(gui)源(yuan)”一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣混淆在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)起，用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)無(wu)法(fa)明確(que)使用(yong)(yong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)由(you)哪(na)個發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠提供，也(ye)無(wu)法(fa)分(fen)辨用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)在(zai)某(mou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)瞬間使用(yong)(yong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)屬于(yu)哪(na)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)型。用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)與(yu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并不(bu)存(cun)在(zai)物理(li)上(shang)的可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量生(sheng)產消(xiao)費的“可追溯(su)”，“漂綠(lv)(lv)”帶來的道(dao)德問題，引發諸多爭(zheng)議。《通(tong)知》首次(ci)明確(que)了(le)綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連的定(ding)義，“指風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽(yang)能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、生(sheng)物質發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)新能(neng)源(yuan)不(bu)直(zhi)(zhi)接接入(ru)(ru)公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，通(tong)過直(zhi)(zhi)連線路向單一(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)供給綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可實現供給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量清晰(xi)物理(li)溯(su)源(yuan)的模式(shi)”。同時按(an)照(zhao)負荷是否(fou)接入(ru)(ru)公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)分(fen)為(wei)并網(wang)型和離網(wang)型兩類(lei)。并網(wang)型項目作(zuo)為(wei)整體接入(ru)(ru)公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，與(yu)公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)形(xing)成(cheng)清晰(xi)的物理(li)界(jie)(jie)面與(yu)責(ze)任界(jie)(jie)面，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)應(ying)接入(ru)(ru)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)和公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)產權分(fen)界(jie)(jie)點的用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側。這一(yi)(yi)(yi)制度(du)設計既回應(ying)了(le)歐盟對(dui)綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連的強制要求，也(ye)創(chuang)新性地界(jie)(jie)定(ding)了(le)“安全責(ze)任界(jie)(jie)面”，通(tong)過產權分(fen)界(jie)(jie)點的物理(li)切割的方式(shi)，創(chuang)造(zao)了(le)“物理(li)隔離+市場聯通”的雙(shuang)軌機制，既保障了公共電網安全(quan)穩定運行，又(you)賦予市場主體(ti)更(geng)大的自主權(quan)，將電力從“通用商(shang)品”升級(ji)為“低碳通行證”。

二是回歸(gui)了分布式(shi)光伏發(fa)電的初心和本源(yuan)。長久以來，綠(lv)電沒有(you)參與現貨的結算，綠(lv)電簽約雙方(fang)也沒有(you)在合同中約定結算參考點及平衡責任承擔(dan)方(fang)等(deng)內容(rong)，綠(lv)電合同對(dui)應的發電及用戶均(jun)未承擔(dan)相關責任。《通知》突破傳統綠(lv)電交易(yi)“證(zheng)書(shu)虛擬交割”模式，首創“物理直(zhi)連+市(shi)(shi)場(chang)結(jie)算(suan)”雙輪驅(qu)動，并網型項(xiang)目應按(an)照(zhao)“以(yi)荷定源(yuan)”，現貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)連續(xu)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)地區可采取整(zheng)體(ti)自(zi)發自(zi)用為主(zhu)，余(yu)電(dian)上(shang)(shang)網為輔的(de)模式(shi)；現貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)未連續(xu)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)地區，不(bu)允許向公共電(dian)網反送(song)。同時，在交易(yi)方面，并網型綠電(dian)直連項(xiang)目享平等的(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)地位，按(an)照(zhao)《電(dian)力市(shi)(shi)場(chang)注冊基本規則(ze)(ze)》進行(xing)(xing)(xing)注冊，原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)(ze)上(shang)(shang)應作為整(zheng)體(ti)參與電(dian)力市(shi)(shi)場(chang)交易(yi)，根據市(shi)(shi)場(chang)交易(yi)結(jie)果(guo)安(an)排(pai)生產，并按(an)照(zhao)與公共電(dian)網的(de)交換功率進行(xing)(xing)(xing)結(jie)算(suan)。項(xiang)目負荷不(bu)得由電(dian)網企業(ye)代理購電(dian)。《通知》為源(yuan)網荷儲(chu)參與市(shi)(shi)場(chang)化交易(yi)開辟(pi)了新路徑(jing)，這既(ji)落實了《分布式(shi)光伏(fu)發電(dian)開發建(jian)設管理辦(ban)法》的(de)改(gai)革(ge)要求(qiu)，又實現了《關于深化新能源(yuan)上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)價市(shi)(shi)場(chang)化改(gai)革(ge) 促(cu)進新能源(yuan)高質量發展的(de)通知》中新能源(yuan)上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)量原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)(ze)上(shang)(shang)全部進入電(dian)力市(shi)(shi)場(chang)的(de)政(zheng)策目標。

三是加強組(zu)織保障(zhang)、創新(xin)發展(zhan)模式。風能(neng)、太陽(yang)能(neng)等間歇性(xing)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)，給“綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)直連(lian)”用戶的連(lian)續性(xing)和穩定性(xing)帶來挑(tiao)戰。《通知》要求(qiu)，并網型綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)直連(lian)項目(mu)(mu)應(ying)通過(guo)合理(li)配置儲能(neng)、挖掘(jue)負(fu)荷(he)靈(ling)活調(diao)節潛(qian)力(li)(li)等方式，充分提(ti)升項目(mu)(mu)靈(ling)活性(xing)調(diao)節能(neng)力(li)(li)，盡可能(neng)減少(shao)系統(tong)調(diao)節壓力(li)(li)。《通知》明(ming)確，綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)直連(lian)項目(mu)(mu)原則(ze)上由(you)負(fu)荷(he)作為主責單位。項目(mu)(mu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)可由(you)負(fu)荷(he)投(tou)資(zi)，直連(lian)專(zhuan)線原則(ze)上應(ying)由(you)負(fu)荷(he)、電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)主體(ti)投(tou)資(zi)。為破解新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)波動性(xing)與工業連(lian)續生(sheng)產的矛盾，《通知》一方面要求(qiu)直連(lian)項目(mu)(mu)投(tou)資(zi)者承擔專(zhuan)線建設成本，通過(guo)收益與成本的市場(chang)化(hua)平(ping)衡激發(fa)投(tou)資(zi)活力(li)(li)；另(ling)一方面，明(ming)確鼓勵用戶提(ti)升系統(tong)友好性(xing)，避免因“搭(da)便車”導致公共電(dian)(dian)網負(fu)擔轉嫁(jia)。為保證系統(tong)安全，《通知》進行了相關規范，進一步(bu)細化(hua)上網電(dian)(dian)量比(bi)例、退出(chu)機制等具體(ti)要求(qiu)，引導項目(mu)(mu)科學合理(li)評估需求(qiu)，避免出(chu)現(xian)實際運行與設計方案出(chu)現(xian)較大偏差、新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消納不及預期等情況。

“綠(lv)(lv)電直(zhi)連(lian)”雖然是(shi)能(neng)源領域的(de)創新之舉，具(ju)有廣闊的(de)發(fa)展前景，但(dan)用戶(hu)不(bu)僅要承擔(dan)建(jian)設成(cheng)本，還要面臨市場(chang)交易與收益的(de)不(bu)確(que)定性(xing)，綠(lv)(lv)電直(zhi)連(lian)在推進過程中面臨著安全、經濟、技術等多重(zhong)風險。必(bi)須要看到，電力系(xi)統(tong)本身就是(shi)最大(da)的(de)網(wang)源荷儲(chu)系(xi)統(tong)，“綠(lv)(lv)電直(zhi)連(lian)”形成(cheng)的(de)小(xiao)系(xi)統(tong)，在可靠性(xing)相同(tong)的(de)前提下，必(bi)然經濟性(xing)低于(yu)大(da)系(xi)統(tong)，因此減(jian)少對于(yu)大(da)系(xi)統(tong)依賴(lai)、自由選(xuan)擇可靠性(xing)是(shi)小(xiao)系(xi)統(tong)獲得相對經濟性(xing)的(de)必(bi)然選(xuan)擇。《通知》不(bu)失(shi)為(wei)一次迎難而上的(de)試(shi)水(shui)，以“綠(lv)(lv)電直(zhi)連(lian)”試(shi)點為(wei)契機，凝聚(ju)政府、企業和(he)科研(yan)機構等各方合力，加大(da)技術研(yan)發(fa)投入，完善市場(chang)機制和(he)監管體系(xi)，為(wei)清潔能(neng)源的(de)高效利用開辟(pi)新道路。（華能(neng)集團能(neng)源研(yan)究院副院長 陳大(da)宇）