在全球(qiu)氣候治理格局深度(du)(du)重構(gou)的(de)背景下，“綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連”作為破(po)解能源(yuan)轉型與(yu)碳關稅壁(bi)壘雙重挑戰的(de)制度(du)(du)創新(xin)(xin)，逐漸進(jin)入人們的(de)視野。國家發展改革委、國家能源(yuan)局印發《關于(yu)有序推(tui)動綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連發展有關事項的(de)通知》（以(yi)下簡稱《通知》）開展綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連試點項目(mu)，旨在提升清(qing)潔能源(yuan)利用效率、提升綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)的(de)物理屬(shu)性，這種(zhong)創新(xin)(xin)模式(shi)將綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)消(xiao)費在時間精度(du)(du)和發用電(dian)(dian)位置上的(de)顆粒度(du)(du)進(jin)一(yi)步提升，為全國新(xin)(xin)能源(yuan)產業的(de)發展提供了有益的(de)探索和借鑒。

從國際視角(jiao)來看，根據(ju)歐盟去年4月公布的(de)《新(xin)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)法案(an)》下的(de)碳足跡(ji)計算(suan)規則草(cao)案(an)及(ji)各國對(dui)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)直(zhi)連(lian)的(de)概念，“連(lian)接(jie)獨立發電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)點與(yu)(yu)獨立用(yong)戶(hu)之間的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)線路，或連(lian)接(jie)發電(dian)(dian)企業(ye)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應商(shang)直(zhi)接(jie)為其自有(you)場所、子公司(si)及(ji)客戶(hu)供電(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)線路”，“綠電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)”應是通過“拉專線”的(de)方(fang)式連(lian)接(jie)新(xin)能源電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)與(yu)(yu)用(yong)戶(hu)。有(you)意思的(de)是，在歐盟(meng)各國實踐中(zhong)并未切斷與(yu)(yu)大電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)聯系(xi)，根據(ju)美(mei)國國際開發署（USAID）統計，在歐(ou)盟已(yi)經展開綠(lv)電直(zhi)連(lian)實踐的(de)(de)國家中，拉脫維(wei)亞直(zhi)連(lian)線(xian)(xian)路的(de)(de)用戶有權保持(chi)與系統的(de)(de)永久連(lian)接作為(wei)備用，或(huo)者在用戶沒有安(an)裝永久連(lian)接的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)，要求系統運營(ying)商(shang)安(an)裝備用連(lian)接。波蘭政府認為(wei)，將“直(zhi)連(lian)線(xian)(xian)路”的(de)(de)定義狹(xia)隘地(di)理(li)解為(wei)在孤(gu)島系統內運行，違反了(le)歐(ou)盟指令。

中國方案(an)展現出顯(xian)著(zhu)的系統性(xing)優勢。一(yi)是制(zhi)度創(chuang)新：構建與(yu)國(guo)際(ji)規則兼容(rong)的本土化框架。在我國目前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統中（不含分(fen)布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)直接(jie)供(gong)應(ying)），幾乎全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)都(dou)是先(xian)連接(jie)到輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)再通過(guo)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)輸(shu)送給用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)，不同類型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)生產電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)上網(wang)(wang)后受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣規(gui)律和基(ji)爾霍夫定律等影響，各種類型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)“眾流歸(gui)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”一(yi)(yi)樣混淆在一(yi)(yi)起，用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)無(wu)法明(ming)確使用(yong)(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)由哪(na)個發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)提供(gong)，也無(wu)法分(fen)辨用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)在某(mou)一(yi)(yi)瞬間使用(yong)(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)屬于哪(na)種類型(xing)。用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)與(yu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并(bing)不存在物理(li)(li)上的(de)可再生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)生產消(xiao)費的(de)“可追溯(su)(su)”，“漂綠(lv)(lv)”帶來的(de)道(dao)德(de)問(wen)題，引發諸多爭議。《通知》首(shou)次明(ming)確了(le)(le)綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連的(de)定義，“指(zhi)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、生物質發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不直接(jie)接(jie)入(ru)(ru)公共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)，通過(guo)直連線路(lu)向單一(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)供(gong)給綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可實現供(gong)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)清(qing)晰物理(li)(li)溯(su)(su)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)模式”。同時按照(zhao)負(fu)荷是否(fou)接(jie)入(ru)(ru)公共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)分(fen)為并(bing)網(wang)(wang)型(xing)和離(li)網(wang)(wang)型(xing)兩類。并(bing)網(wang)(wang)型(xing)項目作為整體接(jie)入(ru)(ru)公共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)，與(yu)公共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)形成(cheng)清(qing)晰的(de)物理(li)(li)界(jie)面(mian)與(yu)責(ze)任界(jie)面(mian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)接(jie)入(ru)(ru)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)和公共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)產權(quan)分(fen)界(jie)點的(de)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)側(ce)。這一(yi)(yi)制度設計既回應(ying)了(le)(le)歐盟對(dui)綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連的(de)強制要求(qiu)，也創新(xin)性地界(jie)定了(le)(le)“安全責(ze)任界(jie)面(mian)”，通過(guo)產權(quan)分(fen)界(jie)點的(de)物理(li)(li)切割(ge)的(de)方式，創造了(le)(le)“物理(li)(li)隔離(li)+市場聯通”的雙軌機制，既保障了公共電(dian)網安全穩(wen)定運行，又賦(fu)予(yu)市場主(zhu)體更大的自主(zhu)權，將電(dian)力從“通用(yong)商品”升級為“低(di)碳(tan)通行證”。

二是回歸了分布式光伏發電的初(chu)心和(he)本(ben)源。長久以來，綠(lv)(lv)(lv)電(dian)沒有(you)參與現貨(huo)的結算，綠(lv)(lv)(lv)電(dian)簽(qian)約(yue)雙方(fang)(fang)也沒有(you)在合同(tong)中約(yue)定(ding)結算參考點及平衡責任(ren)承擔(dan)方(fang)(fang)等內容，綠(lv)(lv)(lv)電(dian)合同(tong)對應的發電(dian)及用戶均未承擔(dan)相關責任(ren)。《通知》突破傳統綠(lv)(lv)(lv)電(dian)交易“證書虛擬交割”模(mo)式，首創“物理(li)直連+市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)結算”雙輪驅(qu)動，并(bing)(bing)網(wang)型(xing)項目應按照“以荷(he)定源”，現貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)連續運行地區(qu)可采取整(zheng)體(ti)自發自用為主，余電(dian)上網(wang)為輔的(de)模式(shi)(shi)；現貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)未連續運行地區(qu)，不(bu)允許向公(gong)共電(dian)網(wang)反(fan)送(song)。同(tong)時(shi)，在交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)方面，并(bing)(bing)網(wang)型(xing)綠電(dian)直連項目享平(ping)等的(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)地位，按照《電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)注冊(ce)(ce)基本(ben)規則》進行注冊(ce)(ce)，原則上應作為整(zheng)體(ti)參與(yu)電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)，根(gen)據市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)結果(guo)安排生產(chan)，并(bing)(bing)按照與(yu)公(gong)共電(dian)網(wang)的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)換功率進行結算。項目負荷(he)不(bu)得由(you)電(dian)網(wang)企業代理購(gou)電(dian)。《通(tong)知》為源網(wang)荷(he)儲參與(yu)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)開辟了新路徑，這既落實了《分布式(shi)(shi)光伏(fu)發電(dian)開發建設管理辦法》的(de)改革要求，又實現了《關于深化(hua)新能(neng)源上網(wang)電(dian)價市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化(hua)改革 促進新能(neng)源高質量(liang)發展的(de)通(tong)知》中(zhong)新能(neng)源上網(wang)電(dian)量(liang)原則上全部(bu)進入電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)政策目標(biao)。

三是加(jia)強組織保障、創新發展模式。風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)(deng)間歇性能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，給“綠電(dian)直(zhi)連”用(yong)戶的連續性和(he)穩定性帶來挑戰(zhan)。《通(tong)知(zhi)》要(yao)求(qiu)，并(bing)網型綠電(dian)直(zhi)連項(xiang)目(mu)應通(tong)過(guo)合理配置儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、挖掘負(fu)荷靈活(huo)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)潛(qian)力(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)方式，充分提升項(xiang)目(mu)靈活(huo)性調(diao)(diao)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)，盡可能(neng)(neng)(neng)減少系統(tong)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)壓力(li)(li)。《通(tong)知(zhi)》明(ming)確，綠電(dian)直(zhi)連項(xiang)目(mu)原則(ze)(ze)上(shang)由負(fu)荷作為主責(ze)單位。項(xiang)目(mu)電(dian)源(yuan)可由負(fu)荷投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)，直(zhi)連專線原則(ze)(ze)上(shang)應由負(fu)荷、電(dian)源(yuan)主體(ti)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)。為破解新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)波動性與工業連續生產的矛盾，《通(tong)知(zhi)》一(yi)方面要(yao)求(qiu)直(zhi)連項(xiang)目(mu)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)承擔專線建設成本，通(tong)過(guo)收益與成本的市場化(hua)平衡激發投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)活(huo)力(li)(li)；另一(yi)方面，明(ming)確鼓勵(li)用(yong)戶提升系統(tong)友(you)好性，避免(mian)因(yin)“搭(da)便(bian)車(che)”導致公共電(dian)網負(fu)擔轉嫁。為保(bao)證系統(tong)安全(quan)，《通(tong)知(zhi)》進行了相(xiang)關(guan)規范，進一(yi)步細(xi)化(hua)上(shang)網電(dian)量比例(li)、退出(chu)機制等(deng)(deng)具體(ti)要(yao)求(qiu)，引(yin)導項(xiang)目(mu)科(ke)學合理評估需求(qiu)，避免(mian)出(chu)現實際運行與設計方案出(chu)現較(jiao)大偏(pian)差、新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消納不(bu)及預期等(deng)(deng)情(qing)況。

“綠(lv)電直(zhi)連(lian)”雖然(ran)(ran)是能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)領域的創新之舉，具(ju)有(you)廣(guang)闊(kuo)的發展前景，但用(yong)戶不(bu)僅要(yao)(yao)承擔(dan)建設成本，還要(yao)(yao)面臨(lin)市場(chang)交易與收益的不(bu)確定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，綠(lv)電直(zhi)連(lian)在(zai)推進(jin)過程中面臨(lin)著安全、經濟、技術(shu)(shu)等(deng)多重風險。必(bi)(bi)須要(yao)(yao)看到，電力系統(tong)本身就(jiu)是最大的網源(yuan)(yuan)荷儲系統(tong)，“綠(lv)電直(zhi)連(lian)”形(xing)成的小(xiao)系統(tong)，在(zai)可(ke)(ke)靠性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)相(xiang)同的前提下，必(bi)(bi)然(ran)(ran)經濟性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)低于(yu)大系統(tong)，因此(ci)減少對于(yu)大系統(tong)依賴、自由選擇可(ke)(ke)靠性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是小(xiao)系統(tong)獲得相(xiang)對經濟性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的必(bi)(bi)然(ran)(ran)選擇。《通知》不(bu)失為(wei)一次迎難而(er)上的試水，以(yi)“綠(lv)電直(zhi)連(lian)”試點為(wei)契(qi)機，凝(ning)聚政(zheng)府、企業和科研機構等(deng)各(ge)方合力，加(jia)大技術(shu)(shu)研發投入，完(wan)善市場(chang)機制(zhi)和監(jian)管體系，為(wei)清潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的高效(xiao)利用(yong)開辟新道路。（華能(neng)(neng)(neng)集團能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)研究院(yuan)副院(yuan)長 陳(chen)大宇(yu)）