為貫徹落實黨中央、國務院關于加快構建新型電力系統的決策部署，更好保障電力安全穩定供應，推動新能源加快發展和能源綠色低碳轉型，近日國家發展改革委、國家能源局聯合印發《關于建立煤電容量電價機制的通知》（發改價格〔2023〕1501號）（以下簡稱《通知》），決定自2024年1月1日起建立煤電容量電價機制，對煤電實行兩部制電價政策。煤電容量(liang)電價(jia)機制的(de)建立，有利于推動煤電向基礎保障性和系統(tong)調節性電源(yuan)并重為主(zhu)轉型，標志(zhi)著新型電力(li)系統(tong)中體現電力(li)多元價(jia)值的(de)價(jia)格(ge)體系正在逐漸(jian)建立。

來源：電聯新媒 作(zuo)者：曾鳴(ming) 王永利(li)

為什么建立煤電容量電價機制

（一）發(fa)揮煤電基礎性支撐(cheng)調節作用，推動能源綠色低(di)碳轉型(xing)。

一(yi)直以(yi)來，煤(mei)電機(ji)組(zu)(zu)是我(wo)國大部分地區的基(ji)礎保(bao)障(zhang)性(xing)電源(yuan)，提供了60%以(yi)上的電能(neng)量供應。在“雙碳”目標背景(jing)下，隨著我(wo)國能(neng)源(yuan)綠色(se)低(di)碳轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)的逐(zhu)步深化，新能(neng)源(yuan)裝機(ji)和(he)發電量占(zhan)比穩步提升(sheng)，煤(mei)電機(ji)組(zu)(zu)利用(yong)小時數下降(jiang)趨勢(shi)明(ming)顯(xian)，煤(mei)電機(ji)組(zu)(zu)正逐(zhu)步向基(ji)礎保(bao)障(zhang)性(xing)和(he)系統(tong)調節性(xing)電源(yuan)并(bing)重為主轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)，集中反(fan)映在年發電利用(yong)小時數的下降(jiang)和(he)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)運行方式的改變。容(rong)(rong)量電價(jia)(jia)機(ji)制體現(xian)煤(mei)電機(ji)組(zu)(zu)提供系統(tong)可用(yong)容(rong)(rong)量價(jia)(jia)值，在價(jia)(jia)格形成機(ji)制上反(fan)映煤(mei)電機(ji)組(zu)(zu)功能(neng)轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)，提高(gao)電力(li)系統(tong)調節能(neng)力(li)，保(bao)障(zhang)電力(li)系統(tong)長期容(rong)(rong)量充裕性(xing)，促(cu)進清潔(jie)能(neng)源(yuan)消納(na)，推動(dong)能(neng)源(yuan)綠色(se)低(di)碳轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)。

（二）滿足新型電力系統(tong)建設快(kuai)速(su)推進的需(xu)要(yao)，持續完善市(shi)場價格體系。

由于電力(li)(li)產品的特殊性(xing)，如(ru)實時平衡需(xu)求(qiu)、缺乏大(da)規模經(jing)濟儲存(cun)和(he)缺乏需(xu)求(qiu)彈(dan)性(xing)等，電力(li)(li)市場無法自發形成有序運(yun)轉和(he)公平合理(li)的價(jia)格體系。因此，政府需(xu)要采取必要措施來確保電力(li)(li)市場競爭(zheng)充分，價(jia)格形成合理(li)，電力(li)(li)供應可靠。

在(zai)我(wo)國，電力(li)市(shi)場建(jian)(jian)設(she)正(zheng)在(zai)穩步推進。電力(li)現(xian)貨市(shi)場采用系(xi)統(tong)、區域或(huo)(huo)節點短(duan)期邊際成(cheng)本定(ding)價機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，這種(zhong)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)夠有(you)效(xiao)激勵發電企業，根(gen)據其(qi)發電變動成(cheng)本報(bao)價實(shi)現(xian)經(jing)濟調度，促(cu)進電力(li)系(xi)統(tong)的低碳和(he)經(jing)濟運行。然而，這種(zhong)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)并不能(neng)完(wan)全解決煤(mei)電機(ji)組固定(ding)成(cheng)本回收的問(wen)題。因此，建(jian)(jian)立(li)煤(mei)電容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電價機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，通過容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電價回收部分或(huo)(huo)全部固定(ding)成(cheng)本，具有(you)重要(yao)的現(xian)實(shi)意義。這樣(yang)的舉措可以(yi)充分發揮政府定(ding)價的作用，填補我(wo)國電力(li)市(shi)場體系(xi)中容(rong)(rong)量(liang)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)設(she)計的空(kong)白，建(jian)(jian)立(li)覆蓋我(wo)國主要(yao)有(you)效(xiao)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)來源的容(rong)(rong)量(liang)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，滿(man)足我(wo)國健(jian)全多層次電力(li)市(shi)場體系(xi)的需求。

（三(san)）地方容量(liang)機制的(de)(de)優(you)化與拓展，各國低碳(tan)轉型“殊途同歸”的(de)(de)選擇。

之前，山東、云南等省份已開展煤電容量電價的探索。2020年，山東發布《山東省電力現貨市場交易規則（試行）》，提出以容量補償方式回收發電機組固定成本，補償標準0.0991元/千瓦時，補償費用的來源為用戶側支付的容量補償電價。2022年12月，云南省發改委發布《云南省燃煤發電市場化改革實施方案（試行）》，規定煤電企業最大發電能力和最小發電能力之間的可調節空間參與調節容量市場交易，并按照各類電源、用戶對調節能力和系統容量的不同需求，差異化分攤調節容量成本。隨著全球能源低碳轉型腳步的加快，歐美等成熟電力市場認識到，容量機制有利于加強電力系統可靠性。2023年10月，美國PJM提交了容量市場改革提案，保證容量充裕性，以面對越來越嚴重的極端天氣與發電結構的不斷變化，同時歐盟認為容量機制在能源轉型過程中發揮了重要作用，同意延長容量機制至2028年12月。因此，容量電價機制(zhi)的出(chu)臺既是我國(guo)地(di)方容(rong)量機制(zhi)的優(you)化(hua)與(yu)拓展，也是各國(guo)低碳轉型(xing)“殊途同歸”的選擇。

煤(mei)電(dian)容量電(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)的主要內容

（一）明(ming)確(que)容量電(dian)價補償范圍，執行統(tong)一機組固定成本(ben)。

《通知》明確容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)實施(shi)范(fan)圍(wei)為合規(gui)在運的(de)公用(yong)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組，燃煤(mei)自(zi)備電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠、不(bu)符合國家(jia)規(gui)劃的(de)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組，以(yi)及不(bu)滿足國家(jia)對于能耗、環保和靈(ling)活(huo)調節(jie)能力等要求的(de)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組，不(bu)執行容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制。上述(shu)適用(yong)范(fan)圍(wei)完全契合容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)的(de)本質，即容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)是針對在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統中能夠提(ti)供有效容(rong)量(liang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，得到容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)就(jiu)意味著需(xu)要按要求履(lv)行容(rong)量(liang)義務。

同時《通知》明確用于計算(suan)容量電價的(de)煤(mei)電機(ji)(ji)組固(gu)定(ding)成本主要包括折(zhe)舊(jiu)費、財務(wu)費、人工費、修理費等，實行(xing)全國統(tong)一標(biao)準(zhun)，為每(mei)年(nian)每(mei)千瓦330元。這樣安排，一方面煤(mei)電機(ji)(ji)組固(gu)定(ding)成本地區差(cha)異總(zong)體(ti)較(jiao)小，不同類(lei)型機(ji)(ji)組之間差(cha)異也(ye)有限(xian)，具(ju)備(bei)全國實行(xing)統(tong)一標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)基礎，較(jiao)好地統(tong)籌了(le)(le)可操(cao)作性和實際(ji)情況；另一方面也(ye)充分(fen)體(ti)現(xian)了(le)(le)價格上限(xian)管制的(de)思(si)想(xiang)，特別是百萬(wan)千瓦級先(xian)進(jin)煤(mei)電機(ji)(ji)組固(gu)定(ding)成本略低于全國統(tong)一標(biao)準(zhun)，單位煤(mei)耗大幅(fu)降(jiang)低，發電效益相對更高，可激勵市(shi)場主體(ti)自主優化擴建技(ji)術方案，降(jiang)低建設(she)運營(ying)成本，樹(shu)立(li)了(le)(le)煤(mei)電發展新標(biao)桿。

（二(er)）回收比例兼顧時空差異，因地(di)制(zhi)宜(yi)確定容(rong)量補償。

《通知》分別規定(ding)(ding)了不(bu)同比(bi)(bi)例的容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)。2024—2025年對(dui)云南(nan)、四川、河南(nan)、重慶(qing)、青海、廣(guang)西、湖南(nan)等7個轉型速(su)度較快(kuai)的地(di)區(qu)(qu)，按照(zhao)50%容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)（165元/千瓦(wa)）執行，2026年起容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)回(hui)收固定(ding)(ding)成本的比(bi)(bi)例不(bu)低于70%；對(dui)于其他(ta)地(di)區(qu)(qu)，則按照(zhao)30%容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)水平（100元/千瓦(wa)）執行，2026年通過(guo)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)回(hui)收固定(ding)(ding)成本的比(bi)(bi)例不(bu)低于50%。《通知》以(yi)多數(shu)地(di)區(qu)(qu)30%回(hui)收比(bi)(bi)例起步、先行建立容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機制，有利于充(chong)分釋放(fang)政(zheng)策信號，給相關煤電(dian)(dian)主體吃(chi)下“定(ding)(ding)心(xin)丸”，穩定(ding)(ding)煤電(dian)(dian)行業發展預期(qi)，實施過(guo)程(cheng)中逐(zhu)步向50%比(bi)(bi)例過(guo)渡銜接，以(yi)時間(jian)換取空間(jian)、確保(bao)政(zheng)策實施效果。

通過充分(fen)考慮(lv)新型能源體(ti)系中各地(di)煤電(dian)機(ji)組轉(zhuan)型進(jin)度的(de)客觀情況，同時(shi)又(you)兼顧各地(di)差異化(hua)實際情況，因(yin)地(di)制宜提出現階段(duan)各地(di)不同的(de)容量電(dian)價，建立全(quan)國統一的(de)容量電(dian)價標準，有(you)利(li)于初期政策落地(di)和執行到位。

（三）按照“誰(shui)受益(yi)、誰(shui)承擔”原(yuan)則，明確分(fen)攤、扣減和退(tui)出機(ji)制。

《通知》指出(chu)，煤(mei)電(dian)機(ji)組可獲得的容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)費(fei)(fei)，根據當地煤(mei)電(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)和(he)(he)機(ji)組申(shen)報的最(zui)大(da)出(chu)力確定，煤(mei)電(dian)機(ji)組分月(yue)(yue)(yue)申(shen)報，電(dian)網企業(ye)按(an)月(yue)(yue)(yue)結算。新建(jian)煤(mei)電(dian)機(ji)組自投運次月(yue)(yue)(yue)起執行煤(mei)電(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)機(ji)制。各地煤(mei)電(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)費(fei)(fei)納入系統運行費(fei)(fei)用，每月(yue)(yue)(yue)由工(gong)商業(ye)用戶(hu)按(an)當月(yue)(yue)(yue)用電(dian)量(liang)(liang)比例(li)分攤，由電(dian)網企業(ye)按(an)月(yue)(yue)(yue)發布、滾動清算。全(quan)體(ti)工(gong)商業(ye)用戶(hu)作為(wei)電(dian)力的最(zui)終(zhong)消費(fei)(fei)者承擔容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)費(fei)(fei)，體(ti)現了(le)煤(mei)電(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)是(shi)為(wei)整個電(dian)力系統提供長期、穩(wen)定電(dian)力供應，以及(ji)激勵和(he)(he)引導有效容(rong)量(liang)(liang)投資而建(jian)立的，為(wei)將(jiang)來更好(hao)統一、合理疏導各類型(xing)電(dian)源的容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)奠定了(le)非常(chang)好(hao)的基(ji)礎。

《通知(zhi)》指出對(dui)納入受(shou)(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)份電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)平衡的(de)(de)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)區外(wai)送煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組，其(qi)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費按(an)(an)受(shou)(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)標準確定(ding)(ding)(ding)，并由受(shou)(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)用戶(hu)承擔，若(ruo)涉及多個(ge)送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方向(xiang)，那么(me)可(ke)按(an)(an)照分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比(bi)例(li)或送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)比(bi)例(li)分攤；除配套煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組之外(wai)但同(tong)樣(yang)納入受(shou)(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)平衡的(de)(de)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組，它不(bu)是專門(men)為(wei)一個(ge)或多個(ge)受(shou)(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)提供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)供(gong)應的(de)(de)，而是部分外(wai)送、部分支撐本地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供(gong)應，需(xu)要由送受(shou)(shou)雙方按(an)(an)照一定(ding)(ding)(ding)比(bi)例(li)對(dui)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)進行分配。因(yin)此對(dui)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)區煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組實施容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，相當于“鎖定(ding)(ding)(ding)”了煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組的(de)(de)這部分容(rong)(rong)量(liang)，未(wei)來在(zai)簽(qian)訂跨(kua)(kua)(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)區中(zhong)(zhong)長期合約(yue)(yue)時，不(bu)僅需(xu)要明(ming)確電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，受(shou)(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)也應當按(an)(an)照容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)分攤情況，約(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)高(gao)峰時段電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力保(bao)障要求，進一步理順跨(kua)(kua)(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)區送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)制、規范(fan)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)區送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)(zhong)長期合約(yue)(yue)。

《通知》明確(que)，煤電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)如無法按照調度指令提供所申報的(de)(de)最大出力(li)情況，其容量電(dian)(dian)費(fei)將根(gen)據(ju)不(bu)同情況扣(kou)減。對自(zi)然年(nian)內月容量電(dian)(dian)費(fei)全部(bu)扣(kou)減累計(ji)發生(sheng)三次的(de)(de)煤電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)，取消其獲取容量電(dian)(dian)費(fei)的(de)(de)資(zi)格。考核(he)機(ji)(ji)制的(de)(de)建立，有(you)效遏制了煤電(dian)(dian)企業獲得容量電(dian)(dian)費(fei)后可能(neng)出現的(de)(de)“躺平”現象，將有(you)利于激(ji)勵機(ji)(ji)組(zu)提升設備可靠性，確(que)保煤電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)按要求履行容量義務，從而保障電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應。

煤(mei)電(dian)容量電(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)的前進方(fang)向

（一(yi)）建立涵蓋各類型(xing)電源的容量市場機制

從國(guo)際經驗來看，容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)成本回收(shou)(shou)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)主要有(you)幾種形式(shi)：容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)、稀(xi)缺(que)電(dian)價、容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)補償(chang)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)、戰略備用(yong)(yong)。其中，容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)是最具有(you)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)化(hua)特征(zheng)的(de)方式(shi)，但(dan)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)設計較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)復雜，特別是對于容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)需求確(que)定(ding)的(de)預測準確(que)性要求比較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)；容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)補償(chang)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)建設難度和風險較(jiao)(jiao)低(di)，容(rong)(rong)易(yi)實(shi)(shi)施；稀(xi)缺(que)電(dian)價由于需要對批發市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)的(de)電(dian)價有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的(de)承受能(neng)力，且價格(ge)波(bo)動(dong)風險較(jiao)(jiao)大，不適用(yong)(yong)于我(wo)國(guo)；戰略備用(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)未(wei)來可根據應(ying)急(ji)備用(yong)(yong)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)需求單獨設計。綜上(shang)，現階段我(wo)國(guo)在《通知》中提(ti)出采(cai)用(yong)(yong)較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)穩妥(tuo)的(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)價方式(shi)確(que)定(ding)煤電(dian)回收(shou)(shou)的(de)固(gu)定(ding)成本，我(wo)國(guo)電(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)實(shi)(shi)現了閉環，市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)愈發完整，未(wei)來通過(guo)建立容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)，涵蓋各類型(xing)電(dian)源的(de)、以科學的(de)方式(shi)確(que)定(ding)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)需求、以更加(jia)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)化(hua)的(de)方式(shi)確(que)定(ding)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)價將是必然趨(qu)勢。

（二）建立考慮煤電利用(yong)小(xiao)時的精細化補償比例

合理確定容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價回(hui)(hui)收(shou)固定成本比例(li)是(shi)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價方案設計的關鍵一(yi)環(huan)。定的低了，可(ke)能(neng)對(dui)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)補償(chang)力度不夠，難以(yi)(yi)有(you)效激勵煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)投(tou)資擴建；定的高了，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)市場中的報價會顯著下(xia)降，拉低核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等未出臺容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源品類(lei)的價格(ge)，影響其(qi)平(ping)穩健(jian)康運行(xing)(xing)。同時(shi)，各地煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)年發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)利(li)用(yong)小時(shi)數(shu)存在較(jiao)大差(cha)異，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)功能(neng)轉型進(jin)程不一(yi)，不宜(yi)“一(yi)刀切”確定容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價水平(ping)。因此，未來在進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)確定煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價回(hui)(hui)收(shou)固定成本比例(li)時(shi)，需(xu)要考(kao)慮煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的細分特(te)性、煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)利(li)用(yong)小時(shi)等個體(ti)差(cha)異以(yi)(yi)及單個機(ji)組(zu)的技術運行(xing)(xing)特(te)點，建立更加符(fu)合各地煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)際情況的分類(lei)分檔精細化補償(chang)比例(li)，進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)加快煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)現功能(neng)轉型。

（三）建立應急備用煤電機組容量電價機制

各地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統對支(zhi)撐調(diao)(diao)節能(neng)(neng)力需求(qiu)不(bu)(bu)同，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型進(jin)度差異也較大。有(you)的(de)(de)地方水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)等(deng)可再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)比重較大，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)主要發(fa)揮(hui)支(zhi)撐調(diao)(diao)節作用(yong)(yong)；有(you)的(de)(de)地方煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)則仍是主力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，在(zai)提供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量方面都是“頂(ding)梁柱”。為應(ying)(ying)對未來新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高比例接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統后可能(neng)(neng)頻繁(fan)出(chu)現的(de)(de)“晚峰無(wu)光”“極熱無(wu)風(feng)”等(deng)問題(ti)，國(guo)家應(ying)(ying)積極推進(jin)應(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)能(neng)(neng)力建設(she)，引(yin)導退(tui)役或臨近(jin)退(tui)役煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)“退(tui)而不(bu)(bu)拆”轉(zhuan)(zhuan)為應(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)，在(zai)運行方式(shi)和成本構(gou)成上(shang)有(you)別(bie)于常(chang)規煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)，需配套建立(li)應(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)(ji)制，進(jin)一步明確應(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)通(tong)過容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價回收的(de)(de)固定成本比例，保障煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)穩妥有(you)序退(tui)出(chu)。煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)(ji)制與應(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)(ji)制應(ying)(ying)協同配合，從根本上(shang)解(jie)決煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行業轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型問題(ti)。

（四）統籌各(ge)環節(jie)調節(jie)性資源，明確煤電機組有效補償方案(an)

在(zai)(zai)全國統(tong)一大(da)市(shi)場(chang)發展背景下，以市(shi)場(chang)化手段激勵(li)我國能源(yuan)系統(tong)各(ge)(ge)環節(jie)資(zi)源(yuan)進行互動成為了現實，煤電不再(zai)是唯一的安全性(xing)保障資(zi)源(yuan)。因(yin)此，在(zai)(zai)開展煤電容量補償的同時，還需要統(tong)籌考慮各(ge)(ge)環節(jie)調節(jie)性(xing)資(zi)源(yuan)，分析各(ge)(ge)類資(zi)源(yuan)的有(you)效(xiao)性(xing)與可靠性(xing)，以調節(jie)需求為核心明確煤電機(ji)組安全保障剛性(xing)需求量，針(zhen)(zhen)對(dui)高(gao)能效(xiao)、靈活性(xing)機(ji)組設定有(you)針(zhen)(zhen)對(dui)性(xing)的補償方案，避(bi)免全國“一刀切”。

本文系《中(zhong)(zhong)國電力企業管理》獨家稿(gao)件，作者供職(zhi)于華北(bei)電力大學能源(yuan)互聯網研究中(zhong)(zhong)心。