在全球氣候治理(li)格(ge)局(ju)深度(du)重構的(de)背(bei)景下，“綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)直連”作(zuo)為破解能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)轉型與碳關稅(shui)壁壘雙(shuang)重挑戰(zhan)的(de)制度(du)創新，逐漸進入人(ren)們的(de)視(shi)野。國家發展改革委、國家能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)局(ju)印發《關于有序推動(dong)綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)直連發展有關事項的(de)通(tong)知》（以下簡(jian)稱《通(tong)知》）開展綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)直連試點項目，旨在提(ti)升(sheng)清潔能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)利(li)用效(xiao)率(lv)、提(ti)升(sheng)綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)物理(li)屬性，這種創新模(mo)式將綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)消費在時間精(jing)度(du)和發用電(dian)(dian)(dian)位置上的(de)顆粒度(du)進一步提(ti)升(sheng)，為全國新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)產業的(de)發展提(ti)供了有益的(de)探索和借(jie)鑒。

從國際視(shi)角來看，根據歐盟(meng)去年4月公布的(de)(de)(de)《新電(dian)(dian)池法案》下的(de)(de)(de)碳足跡計算規則草案及(ji)各(ge)(ge)國對于電(dian)(dian)力(li)直連(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)概(gai)念，“連(lian)(lian)接獨立(li)(li)發電(dian)(dian)站點與(yu)獨立(li)(li)用戶(hu)之間的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)路，或連(lian)(lian)接發電(dian)(dian)企業與(yu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應商直接為其自有(you)場(chang)所、子公司及(ji)客戶(hu)供電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)路”，“綠電(dian)(dian)直連(lian)(lian)”應是通過“拉專線(xian)”的(de)(de)(de)方式連(lian)(lian)接新能源電(dian)(dian)站與(yu)用戶(hu)。有(you)意思的(de)(de)(de)是，在歐盟(meng)各(ge)(ge)國實踐(jian)中并未切(qie)斷與(yu)大(da)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)聯系，根據美(mei)國國際開發署（USAID）統(tong)(tong)計，在歐盟(meng)已經展開(kai)綠電直連實踐的(de)(de)國家(jia)中(zhong)，拉脫維亞直連線路的(de)(de)用戶有權保持與系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)永(yong)久連接作(zuo)為備(bei)用，或者在用戶沒(mei)有安(an)裝永(yong)久連接的(de)(de)情(qing)況下，要求系統(tong)(tong)運營(ying)商安(an)裝備(bei)用連接。波蘭政府(fu)認為，將“直連線路”的(de)(de)定義狹隘地理解(jie)為在孤(gu)島(dao)系統(tong)(tong)內(nei)運行，違反了歐盟(meng)指令。

中國(guo)方案展現出顯著的系統性優(you)勢。一是制度創新：構建與(yu)國際規則兼容的本土化(hua)框架。在(zai)我國目前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統中（不含分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)直接(jie)供應），幾(ji)乎全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)都是(shi)先(xian)連(lian)接(jie)到輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)再通過(guo)(guo)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)輸(shu)送給用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)，不同類(lei)(lei)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)生產電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能上網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)后受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣規律和(he)基爾霍夫(fu)定(ding)律等影響，各種類(lei)(lei)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力“眾流歸(gui)源(yuan)”一(yi)樣(yang)混淆(xiao)在(zai)一(yi)起，用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)無(wu)法(fa)明確(que)(que)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力由哪個發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠提供，也無(wu)法(fa)分辨用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)在(zai)某一(yi)瞬間(jian)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力屬于哪種類(lei)(lei)型(xing)。用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)與發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并不存在(zai)物(wu)(wu)理(li)上的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)再生能源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量生產消費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)“可(ke)追溯”，“漂綠(lv)”帶來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德(de)問題，引(yin)發(fa)諸多(duo)爭議。《通知》首(shou)次明確(que)(que)了綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連(lian)的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)義，“指風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽能發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、生物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等新(xin)能源(yuan)不直接(jie)接(jie)入(ru)公(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，通過(guo)(guo)直連(lian)線路向單一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)供給綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)實現供給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量清(qing)(qing)晰物(wu)(wu)理(li)溯源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)模式(shi)”。同時按照負(fu)荷是(shi)否接(jie)入(ru)公(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)分為并網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)和(he)離網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)兩類(lei)(lei)。并網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)項目作(zuo)為整體(ti)接(jie)入(ru)公(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，與公(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)形成清(qing)(qing)晰的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)理(li)界面與責任(ren)界面，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)應接(jie)入(ru)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)和(he)公(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)產權分界點的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側。這一(yi)制度設計既(ji)回應了歐盟(meng)對綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連(lian)的(de)(de)(de)強制要求，也創新(xin)性地界定(ding)了“安全責任(ren)界面”，通過(guo)(guo)產權分界點的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)理(li)切割的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)，創造了“物(wu)(wu)理(li)隔離+市(shi)場聯通”的(de)雙軌機制，既保障了公共(gong)電(dian)網安全穩(wen)定運行，又賦予市(shi)場主(zhu)體更(geng)大的(de)自主(zhu)權(quan)，將電(dian)力(li)從“通用商品”升級為“低碳通行證(zheng)”。

二是回歸了分布式光伏發(fa)電的初心和(he)本源。長久以(yi)來，綠電沒有參與現貨的結算，綠電簽約(yue)雙方也沒有在(zai)合同(tong)中約(yue)定結算參考點及平衡責(ze)任承擔(dan)方等內容，綠電合同(tong)對應的發電及用戶均未承擔(dan)相關責(ze)任。《通知》突(tu)破傳(chuan)統綠電交(jiao)易“證書虛(xu)擬交(jiao)割”模式，首創“物理直連+市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)結算”雙輪驅動，并(bing)(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)型項(xiang)目應按(an)照“以荷定源(yuan)(yuan)”，現貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)連(lian)續運行(xing)地(di)區可采取整體自發(fa)自用為主，余(yu)電上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)為輔的(de)模式；現貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)未連(lian)續運行(xing)地(di)區，不(bu)(bu)允許向公共電網(wang)(wang)(wang)反(fan)送。同時，在交(jiao)(jiao)易方面，并(bing)(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)型綠電直連(lian)項(xiang)目享平(ping)等的(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)地(di)位(wei)，按(an)照《電力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)注冊基本規則》進(jin)(jin)行(xing)注冊，原則上(shang)(shang)應作為整體參與(yu)電力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)交(jiao)(jiao)易，根(gen)據市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)交(jiao)(jiao)易結果安排生產，并(bing)(bing)按(an)照與(yu)公共電網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)換功率(lv)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)結算。項(xiang)目負荷不(bu)(bu)得由(you)電網(wang)(wang)(wang)企業代理購電。《通(tong)知(zhi)》為源(yuan)(yuan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)荷儲參與(yu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化交(jiao)(jiao)易開辟了(le)新路徑，這(zhe)既落實(shi)了(le)《分布式光伏發(fa)電開發(fa)建設管理辦法》的(de)改革要求，又(you)實(shi)現了(le)《關于深化新能源(yuan)(yuan)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)電價市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化改革 促(cu)進(jin)(jin)新能源(yuan)(yuan)高質量發(fa)展的(de)通(tong)知(zhi)》中新能源(yuan)(yuan)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)電量原則上(shang)(shang)全部進(jin)(jin)入電力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)政策目標(biao)。

三(san)是加(jia)強組織保障、創新發(fa)展模式(shi)。風能、太陽能等(deng)間歇性(xing)(xing)能源，給“綠(lv)電直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)”用(yong)戶的(de)(de)連(lian)(lian)續性(xing)(xing)和穩定性(xing)(xing)帶來挑戰。《通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》要求，并網型(xing)綠(lv)電直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)項(xiang)目(mu)應通(tong)(tong)過(guo)合(he)理配置儲(chu)能、挖掘負(fu)荷(he)靈(ling)活(huo)調節(jie)潛力等(deng)方式(shi)，充分提(ti)(ti)升項(xiang)目(mu)靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)調節(jie)能力，盡(jin)可能減少系統(tong)調節(jie)壓(ya)力。《通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》明(ming)確(que)，綠(lv)電直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)項(xiang)目(mu)原則上(shang)由負(fu)荷(he)作為(wei)(wei)主責單位。項(xiang)目(mu)電源可由負(fu)荷(he)投資(zi)(zi)，直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)專線(xian)原則上(shang)應由負(fu)荷(he)、電源主體投資(zi)(zi)。為(wei)(wei)破解新(xin)能源波動(dong)性(xing)(xing)與工業連(lian)(lian)續生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)矛盾，《通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》一方面(mian)要求直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)項(xiang)目(mu)投資(zi)(zi)者承擔專線(xian)建設成本，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)收益與成本的(de)(de)市場(chang)化(hua)平(ping)衡激發(fa)投資(zi)(zi)活(huo)力；另一方面(mian)，明(ming)確(que)鼓勵用(yong)戶提(ti)(ti)升系統(tong)友(you)好性(xing)(xing)，避(bi)免因“搭便車”導致公(gong)共電網負(fu)擔轉嫁。為(wei)(wei)保證(zheng)系統(tong)安全，《通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》進行了相(xiang)關規范(fan)，進一步細化(hua)上(shang)網電量比例、退出(chu)(chu)機制(zhi)等(deng)具體要求，引導項(xiang)目(mu)科學合(he)理評估(gu)需求，避(bi)免出(chu)(chu)現實際(ji)運行與設計方案出(chu)(chu)現較大偏差、新(xin)能源消納不及預(yu)期(qi)等(deng)情況。

“綠電(dian)(dian)直連”雖然是能源領(ling)域的(de)(de)創新之(zhi)舉(ju)，具(ju)有廣闊的(de)(de)發(fa)展前景，但(dan)用戶(hu)不(bu)僅要承擔建(jian)設成本，還要面(mian)臨市(shi)場交易與收益(yi)的(de)(de)不(bu)確(que)定(ding)性，綠電(dian)(dian)直連在推進過程中面(mian)臨著安全、經(jing)濟、技術等多(duo)重(zhong)風險。必須要看到，電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)本身就是最(zui)大的(de)(de)網(wang)源荷儲系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，“綠電(dian)(dian)直連”形成的(de)(de)小系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，在可靠性相同的(de)(de)前提(ti)下，必然經(jing)濟性低(di)于(yu)大系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，因此減(jian)少對于(yu)大系(xi)統(tong)(tong)依賴、自由(you)選擇可靠性是小系(xi)統(tong)(tong)獲得相對經(jing)濟性的(de)(de)必然選擇。《通知》不(bu)失(shi)為(wei)一次迎(ying)難而(er)上的(de)(de)試水(shui)，以“綠電(dian)(dian)直連”試點為(wei)契機，凝聚(ju)政府、企業和(he)科研機構等各方(fang)合力，加大技術研發(fa)投入(ru)，完善市(shi)場機制和(he)監管體系(xi)，為(wei)清潔能源的(de)(de)高效(xiao)利(li)用開辟(pi)新道路。（華能集團能源研究院(yuan)副院(yuan)長 陳(chen)大宇）