國家發展改革委、國家能源局近日聯合印發《關于建立煤電容量電價機制的通知》，決定將現行煤電單一制電價調整為兩部制電價。為何要建立煤電容量電價機制？對于終端用戶用電成本有何影響……一起來看本期快問快答→

問：建立煤電(dian)容(rong)量電(dian)價(jia)機(ji)制、對(dui)煤電(dian)實(shi)行兩部制電(dian)價(jia)政策(ce)有何意義(yi)？

答：隨著國(guo)內新能源(yuan)(yuan)快速發(fa)展(zhan)，推動煤電(dian)這一我國(guo)最重要、成本較低的支撐(cheng)調節電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)加快向提供容量(liang)支撐(cheng)保障和(he)電(dian)量(liang)并重轉(zhuan)型，平常時段(duan)為新能源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)讓出(chu)(chu)空間、高峰時段(duan)繼續(xu)頂峰出(chu)(chu)力(li)，對(dui)促進新能源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)展(zhan)具(ju)有(you)重要意義(yi)。

專家介紹(shao)，煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)經(jing)營成本(ben)包括折舊費(fei)、人工費(fei)、修理費(fei)、財務(wu)費(fei)等固定(ding)成本(ben)和燃煤(mei)等變動成本(ben)。目前，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)成熟國家通(tong)常實行兩部制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，即容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)主要(yao)回收機組固定(ding)成本(ben)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)主要(yao)回收變動成本(ben)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)通(tong)過(guo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)化方式(shi)形(xing)成，靈敏反映電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)供需、燃料成本(ben)變化等情況；容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)水平根據(ju)轉型(xing)進(jin)度(du)等實際情況合理確定(ding)并(bing)逐步調(diao)整(zheng)，充分體(ti)現煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的(de)支撐調(diao)節價(jia)(jia)值。因而(er)，建立煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機制是保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統安全(quan)運行、更好(hao)促進(jin)能源綠(lv)色低碳轉型(xing)的(de)必(bi)然要(yao)求(qiu)。

問(wen)：兩部制電價政策，對煤(mei)電企業有何(he)影響(xiang)？

答(da)：在(zai)現(xian)行(xing)單一制電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)體系下，煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企業(ye)(ye)只有發電(dian)(dian)(dian)才能回(hui)收成本并獲得回(hui)報。隨著(zhu)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉變(bian)經營模(mo)式，煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組越來越多(duo)時間(jian)“備(bei)而不(bu)用”，通過單一電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)難(nan)以完全回(hui)收成本，近年來出現(xian)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)預期(qi)不(bu)穩等(deng)現(xian)象。煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制的(de)建立，破解了這一行(xing)業(ye)(ye)難(nan)題。

“此次建立容(rong)量電價機制(zhi)(zhi)采取了明確(que)預期、逐步提高的方式，既(ji)釋放清晰明確(que)的信號，穩定(ding)煤電行業預期、讓企業吃下(xia)‘定(ding)心丸’，又有利于凝(ning)聚各方共識，確(que)保機制(zhi)(zhi)平穩實施。”國家發展改革委相關負責(ze)人表示(shi)。

具(ju)體(ti)來看(kan)，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制明確(que)了容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)水平，價(jia)格按照回收煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)機組一定(ding)(ding)比(bi)例(li)固定(ding)(ding)成本(ben)方式確(que)定(ding)(ding)。其中，用于(yu)計算容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)的(de)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)機組固定(ding)(ding)成本(ben)實行全國統(tong)一標準，為每年每千瓦(wa)330元(yuan)。綜(zong)合考慮各(ge)(ge)地(di)電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)需要(yao)、煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)功能轉型情況等因素，2024年至(zhi)2025年，多數地(di)方通過容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)回收固定(ding)(ding)成本(ben)比(bi)例(li)為30％左右(you)，部分煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)功能轉型較快的(de)地(di)方適當高一些(xie)；2026年起，各(ge)(ge)地(di)通過容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)回收固定(ding)(ding)成本(ben)比(bi)例(li)提(ti)升至(zhi)不低于(yu)50％。此外，各(ge)(ge)地(di)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)費納入系(xi)統(tong)運(yun)行費用，每月(yue)由工商(shang)業(ye)用戶按當月(yue)用電(dian)(dian)量(liang)比(bi)例(li)分攤(tan)。

問：對于終端用(yong)電(dian)成本究竟有(you)何(he)影響？

答：國家(jia)發展(zhan)改革委相關(guan)負責人表示，建立煤電容量電價機制對(dui)于終(zhong)端用戶用電成本的影響(xiang)，無論是從(cong)短期(qi)還是從(cong)長(chang)期(qi)看(kan)，都是積極正面的。

短期看，對終(zhong)端用(yong)戶用(yong)電成本(ben)的影響總(zong)(zong)體(ti)較(jiao)小。由于建立煤(mei)電容量(liang)電價(jia)(jia)機制主要是電價(jia)(jia)結構(gou)的調整，煤(mei)電總(zong)(zong)體(ti)價(jia)(jia)格水(shui)平基本(ben)穩定，特別是電量(liang)電價(jia)(jia)小幅下降(jiang)(jiang)，將帶動水(shui)電、核(he)電、新能源等其他電源參(can)與市場(chang)交易部(bu)分(fen)電量(liang)電價(jia)(jia)隨之下行(xing)，工商業用(yong)戶終(zhong)端用(yong)電成本(ben)總(zong)(zong)體(ti)有望(wang)穩中略(lve)降(jiang)(jiang)。

長(chang)期看，建(jian)立煤電容量電價機制，首(shou)次實現對(dui)煤電這一主力(li)(li)(li)(li)電源品種電能量價值和(he)容量價值的區分，可有力(li)(li)(li)(li)推動構建(jian)多層次電力(li)(li)(li)(li)市場體系，引導煤電、新能源等市場參與者各展所長(chang)、各盡(jin)所能、充分競(jing)爭，全(quan)面優化電力(li)(li)(li)(li)資源配(pei)置，提升電力(li)(li)(li)(li)系統(tong)的經(jing)濟(ji)性，從而降低終端用戶(hu)用電成(cheng)本。

此(ci)外，此(ci)次出臺的新(xin)政(zheng)策不涉及(ji)居(ju)民和農業用戶，仍執行現行目(mu)錄銷(xiao)售電價。

國(guo)家(jia)能源集團(tuan)技術經濟研究院副(fu)主(zhu)任柴瑋表示，可以預見，隨著我(wo)國(guo)電(dian)力市場(chang)建(jian)設的持續深入(ru)，價格(ge)機制改革的作用將(jiang)愈發凸顯，帶動我(wo)國(guo)電(dian)力市場(chang)建(jian)設更加市場(chang)化、更加規(gui)范化、更加科學化