煤電容量電價機制(zhi)的實施(shi)，有利(li)于推動(dong)煤電(dian)行業(ye)健康持續發展，維(wei)護電(dian)力系統(tong)安全可靠供應，促進能源綠色低碳轉(zhuan)型，助力“雙碳”目標實現。

政(zheng)策考量有新意

縱觀此次出臺的煤電容量電價機(ji)制，可以發(fa)現有五(wu)大政策(ce)目的。

一是理順成(cheng)本。

——明確容量成本回收機制。煤電企業經營成本主要包括折舊費、人工費、修理費、財務費等固定成本和燃煤等變動成本兩大部分，其中，固定成本約占煤電總成本的30%。自2021年《上網電價通知》發布后，煤電機組全部參與現貨市場交易，實行單一制電量電價，煤電企業固定成本回收完全依賴于發電量和電量電價，只有發電才能回收成本。但近年來，隨著風電、光伏發電快速發展，煤電利用小時數不斷降低，僅靠電能量市場難以回收固定投資成本。煤電容量電價機制的建立，是將現行單一制電量電價調整為“電量電價+容量電價”的兩部制電價，其中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)通過(guo)市(shi)場(chang)化(hua)方式形成，靈敏反映電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)供需(xu)、燃料成本變(bian)化(hua)等(deng)情況(kuang)；容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)則是為(wei)保障用戶側用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充裕度（與用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可靠性(xing)密切(qie)相關）而(er)向提供有效容(rong)量(liang)的主體(ti)支(zhi)付的費用，專門為(wei)回收(shou)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組固(gu)定成本而(er)設，體(ti)現(xian)了(le)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可靠發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)的價(jia)值(zhi)。

——明確容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)成本(ben)分攤(tan)機制。煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)單獨設立(li)后，如何疏(shu)導(dao)和分攤(tan)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)成為各利益(yi)(yi)主體(ti)博(bo)弈的(de)焦點。如果容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)僅在發(fa)電(dian)(dian)側(ce)內部分攤(tan)，由(you)新能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)或者其他類型的(de)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)承擔容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)，那么(me)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)分攤(tan)就變成了發(fa)電(dian)(dian)側(ce)不(bu)同主體(ti)之間的(de)“零和博(bo)弈”，不(bu)符合“誰受益(yi)(yi)、誰付費(fei)(fei)(fei)”權(quan)利義務(wu)對(dui)等的(de)原則。因為容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)的(de)最終(zhong)目的(de)是保障系(xi)(xi)統有效(xiao)(xiao)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)充裕性，在推動(dong)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)結構調整的(de)同時維(wei)護電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統安全穩定運行，從長遠看，其最終(zhong)受益(yi)(yi)者是用(yong)戶。而新能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)或者其他類型電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)并(bing)不(bu)是直接受益(yi)(yi)主體(ti)，由(you)它們分攤(tan)不(bu)符合權(quan)責對(dui)等原則，還(huan)導(dao)致發(fa)電(dian)(dian)企業失去有效(xiao)(xiao)激勵(li)，降低政策實施(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)果。只(zhi)有將容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)有效(xiao)(xiao)地(di)傳導(dao)至用(yong)戶側(ce)，才能起到容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制的(de)激勵(li)作(zuo)用(yong)。為此(ci)，《容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)通知》明確提出，在煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)實施(shi)后，容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)將納入系(xi)(xi)統運行費(fei)(fei)(fei)中，并(bing)由(you)工(gong)商業用(yong)戶按(an)當月用(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)比(bi)例進行分攤(tan)，由(you)電(dian)(dian)網企業根據(ju)當地(di)代理購電(dian)(dian)用(yong)戶的(de)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)進行每月發(fa)布和滾(gun)動(dong)清算(suan)。

信息來(lai)源(yuan)：國家(jia)發展改革委(wei) 國家(jia)能源(yuan)局《關于建立(li)煤電容量電價機(ji)制的(de)通知》

二是穩定預(yu)期(qi)。

近(jin)(jin)年(nian)(nian)來(lai)(lai)，綠色發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)成為經(jing)濟(ji)社(she)會發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主基(ji)調(diao)，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)炭轉(zhuan)型步(bu)伐加快(kuai)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)替代力度(du)持(chi)續加大，新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)增長(chang)迅猛。國家能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)局(ju)發(fa)布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)，截(jie)至2023年(nian)(nian)9月，我國非(fei)化石能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)容(rong)(rong)量超過(guo)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)總裝(zhuang)機(ji)容(rong)(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一半，達(da)到(dao)51.6%。新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)快(kuai)速(su)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)趨(qu)勢下，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)容(rong)(rong)量份(fen)額(e)相對減少，逐步(bu)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)向基(ji)礎保障性(xing)和系統調(diao)節(jie)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)轉(zhuan)變，年(nian)(nian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)數(shu)顯(xian)(xian)著下降，由(you)2015年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)5000小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)以上降低到(dao)2022年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)4300小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)。此外，近(jin)(jin)年(nian)(nian)來(lai)(lai)，受煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)炭價(jia)(jia)(jia)格高(gao)企(qi)(qi)等多重因(yin)素影響，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)大面積(ji)(ji)虧(kui)損。2021年(nian)(nian)國內主要發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)集團虧(kui)損1203億元(yuan)，虧(kui)損面高(gao)達(da)80.1%；近(jin)(jin)兩年(nian)(nian)雖有(you)(you)所改善(shan)，但2023年(nian)(nian)上半年(nian)(nian)仍虧(kui)損超過(guo)100億元(yuan)，虧(kui)損面達(da)50.6%，41.1%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠負債率超75%。降碳(tan)退煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約束、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)數(shu)下降以及虧(kui)損的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)實(shi)壓力，嚴重打(da)擊(ji)了煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積(ji)(ji)極性(xing)。煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建立(li)，改變了煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)成本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回(hui)收(shou)模式，能(neng)夠(gou)在(zai)一定(ding)程度(du)上緩解煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)生產經(jing)營(ying)壓力。按照(zhao)《容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)通(tong)知(zhi)》規(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)補償標準，對于(yu)存量機(ji)組(zu)而言，按照(zhao)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)價(jia)(jia)(jia)維持(chi)2023年(nian)(nian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格水平測算，2024年(nian)(nian)全國燃(ran)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)規(gui)模約在(zai)千億元(yuan)左右。實(shi)行(xing)容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)后，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)可回(hui)收(shou)部分(fen)之前因(yin)限(xian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)原因(yin)無法回(hui)收(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固定(ding)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)成本(ben)，改善(shan)經(jing)營(ying)狀況，行(xing)業(ye)整體(ti)效益可基(ji)本(ben)恢(hui)復至正常年(nian)(nian)份(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平均水平。長(chang)期(qi)看，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)為煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)提(ti)供(gong)了相對穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)益預(yu)期(qi)，有(you)(you)利(li)于(yu)恢(hui)復煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)信心，提(ti)升煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)新(xin)增投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)積(ji)(ji)極性(xing)。

三是提升調節能力。

新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)具有(you)(you)間歇性、波動性特點，大(da)規(gui)模高(gao)比(bi)例并(bing)網后，將(jiang)(jiang)會(hui)加(jia)劇電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)安全穩定運行的(de)風險，導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)對(dui)調(diao)(diao)頻、調(diao)(diao)峰等調(diao)(diao)節資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)需(xu)求(qiu)大(da)大(da)增加(jia)。此外，隨著(zhu)新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機占比(bi)不斷提(ti)升，新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)小(xiao)發(fa)期間電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)應不足(zu)、大(da)發(fa)期間消納受限(xian)等問(wen)題可(ke)能(neng)交替出現(xian)，極端天氣下電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)可(ke)靠供(gong)應難度將(jiang)(jiang)進一步增加(jia)。因此，需(xu)要(yao)其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)提(ti)供(gong)系(xi)統(tong)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)裕性和足(zu)夠的(de)調(diao)(diao)節能(neng)力(li)。在(zai)我(wo)國現(xian)階段主(zhu)要(yao)靈活(huo)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)中，抽水蓄能(neng)、燃(ran)氣發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)受制于(yu)(yu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)稟賦，發(fa)展規(gui)模均相對(dui)有(you)(you)限(xian)；儲能(neng)技(ji)術(shu)受制于(yu)(yu)經(jing)濟性、安全性，商(shang)業化(hua)應用有(you)(you)待進一步開(kai)發(fa)。在(zai)當(dang)前的(de)技(ji)術(shu)條(tiao)件和裝(zhuang)機結構下，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)是最為(wei)經(jing)濟可(ke)行、安全可(ke)靠的(de)靈活(huo)調(diao)(diao)節資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)，對(dui)現(xian)存(cun)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組進行靈活(huo)性改造(zao)是最現(xian)實有(you)(you)效的(de)方案。

我國(guo)早(zao)在2016年(nian)就(jiu)啟(qi)動了(le)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)靈活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)試點工作，并制(zhi)定(ding)了(le)明確的(de)(de)(de)靈活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)目(mu)標。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)規劃設計(ji)總院(yuan)發布的(de)(de)(de)《中國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)發展報告2023》顯示，“十四五”前(qian)兩年(nian)，全國(guo)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)“三改(gai)聯(lian)(lian)動”改(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)規模合計(ji)超過4.85億(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦，其中靈活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)1.88億(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦。目(mu)前(qian)來看(kan)，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)靈活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)實(shi)際進(jin)展遠(yuan)遠(yuan)滯后(hou)于新能源(yuan)發展增速(su)。影響進(jin)度的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個重(zhong)要原因(yin)是成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)巨大，激(ji)勵機制(zhi)和(he)(he)資金(jin)投入(ru)不足(zu)，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)缺乏積極性(xing)(xing)。據中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)聯(lian)(lian)統計(ji)，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)靈活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)單位(wei)千(qian)(qian)瓦調(diao)峰容(rong)(rong)量成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)約在500～1500元，再加上(shang)(shang)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)運維成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)、煤(mei)(mei)耗(hao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)、頻繁啟(qi)停成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)不斷增加，如果沒(mei)有合理的(de)(de)(de)補償和(he)(he)激(ji)勵機制(zhi)，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)積極性(xing)(xing)難以激(ji)發。因(yin)此(ci)，建(jian)立煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機制(zhi)，依托(tuo)容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)回收一(yi)定(ding)比例的(de)(de)(de)固定(ding)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)，有助于其“輕裝上(shang)(shang)陣”，投入(ru)更多的(de)(de)(de)資金(jin)進(jin)行必(bi)要的(de)(de)(de)靈活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)，提升系統容(rong)(rong)量支撐(cheng)和(he)(he)調(diao)節能力(li)，更好地保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)安(an)全穩定(ding)供(gong)應。

四是促進轉型。

——促(cu)進新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消納(na)(na)。推(tui)動(dong)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)低碳轉型、建(jian)設(she)新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)力系統不僅需要(yao)(yao)大力發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)、建(jian)設(she)新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，還要(yao)(yao)高比例消納(na)(na)新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。國(guo)家(jia)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)局發(fa)布的最新(xin)數據顯示，截至10月(yue)底，全(quan)國(guo)累計太陽能發(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)容量約5.4億千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)，同(tong)比增長47.0%；風電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)容量約4.0億千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)，同(tong)比增長15.6%。由(you)于新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)比例過高的電(dian)(dian)力系統出力特性無法(fa)與用(yong)戶(hu)側負(fu)荷曲線相匹配，必須搭配足(zu)夠多的靈(ling)活調節性電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。煤電(dian)(dian)容量電(dian)(dian)價機(ji)制(zhi)的建(jian)立(li)，可以推(tui)動(dong)煤電(dian)(dian)靈(ling)活性改造，發(fa)揮靈(ling)活調節潛力，解(jie)決(jue)當前我國(guo)風電(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)快(kuai)(kuai)速增長帶來的消納(na)(na)難題，保障新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)快(kuai)(kuai)速發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。

——促進煤(mei)電功能(neng)轉型。長(chang)期(qi)以(yi)來，我國煤(mei)電機組以(yi)不足50%的(de)(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)機占(zhan)比(bi)，提供了60%的(de)(de)(de)(de)電量(liang)，支(zhi)撐超70%的(de)(de)(de)(de)電網高峰負荷，是我國主(zhu)要和(he)基(ji)礎保障性電源(yuan)(yuan)。隨(sui)著新型電力系統建(jian)設不斷推進，新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)逐漸替代煤(mei)電成為(wei)主(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)電量(liang)供應方，未來煤(mei)電在降(jiang)碳減碳的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中平均(jun)發電利(li)用小時數將會持(chi)續(xu)降(jiang)低，功能(neng)角色將從主(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)發電電源(yuan)(yuan)向調節性電源(yuan)(yuan)過(guo)渡。煤(mei)電容(rong)量(liang)電價的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)立，直接改變煤(mei)電企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)盈(ying)利(li)模式，消除經(jing)營及投(tou)資(zi)顧慮(lv)，為(wei)煤(mei)電功能(neng)轉型“保駕(jia)護航”。

——合理把(ba)握(wo)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)節奏(zou)。考慮到我國不同(tong)區域資(zi)源(yuan)稟(bing)賦、經濟(ji)發展水平和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)結構存在較(jiao)大(da)差(cha)異，各地(di)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行業的(de)轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)路徑也不盡(jin)相同(tong)。再加上煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組體量大(da)，改造和轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)任務(wu)艱(jian)巨，需要統籌(chou)考慮各地(di)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)在轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)過程中的(de)成本擱淺問題(ti)，合理把(ba)握(wo)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)節奏(zou)。所以，《容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價通知》才(cai)提出，因地(di)制(zhi)宜制(zhi)定(ding)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價機制(zhi)。功能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)快、年利用小時數較(jiao)低(di)的(de)省份，回收固定(ding)成本比例高(gao)；轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)相對較(jiao)緩(huan)的(de)省份，回收固定(ding)成本比例低(di)。

五是健全(quan)市場(chang)。

根(gen)據提供(gong)的(de)(de)服(fu)務類(lei)型，電(dian)力(li)(li)商(shang)品一(yi)般包含電(dian)量、調節、平(ping)衡、容(rong)(rong)(rong)量四個維度(du)的(de)(de)價值，其中(zhong)，電(dian)量、調節價值可以通過電(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)來體(ti)現(xian)，平(ping)衡價值由輔助服(fu)務市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)來體(ti)現(xian)，有(you)效的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量價值需要通過容(rong)(rong)(rong)量成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本回收(shou)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)來體(ti)現(xian)。從國(guo)際(ji)經(jing)驗看，電(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)是競爭性電(dian)力(li)(li)批發(fa)(fa)(fa)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)重要組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)部分(fen)，基于(yu)邊際(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本定價理論的(de)(de)基本定價模式雖(sui)然能夠真實反映電(dian)力(li)(li)商(shang)品在(zai)(zai)(zai)時間和空(kong)間上的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本及供(gong)需變(bian)化(hua)，實現(xian)資(zi)源的(de)(de)高效優(you)化(hua)配置，但(dan)往往導致決定現(xian)貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)出(chu)清價格(ge)的(de)(de)邊際(ji)機(ji)組的(de)(de)固(gu)定成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本無法得到合理補(bu)償，而非(fei)邊際(ji)機(ji)組的(de)(de)固(gu)定成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本回收(shou)程(cheng)度(du)也存在(zai)(zai)(zai)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)不確定性，給發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)企(qi)業回收(shou)全部固(gu)定投資(zi)帶來巨大(da)挑戰。基于(yu)此，大(da)多數國(guo)家和地(di)區在(zai)(zai)(zai)建立電(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)過程(cheng)中(zhong)都會設(she)計相應(ying)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本回收(shou)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。目前，主流(liu)的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主要有(you)稀缺定價機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、容(rong)(rong)(rong)量市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、容(rong)(rong)(rong)量補(bu)償機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、戰略備用機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)。容(rong)(rong)(rong)量機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)選擇與各國(guo)國(guo)情、電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)程(cheng)度(du)、市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)模式等(deng)密(mi)切相關，需要因地(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜地(di)設(she)計和選擇發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本回收(shou)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

圖片

2017年以來(lai)，我國開(kai)展(zhan)電(dian)力(li)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市場(chang)(chang)建設試(shi)點。2023年10月，國家(jia)發(fa)展(zhan)改革(ge)委、國家(jia)能(neng)源(yuan)局(ju)印(yin)發(fa)《關于進(jin)一步加快電(dian)力(li)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市場(chang)(chang)建設工作的通(tong)知(zhi)》，對各地(di)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市場(chang)(chang)建設進(jin)度做出了(le)明確(que)的時間要(yao)(yao)求，并在全(quan)國范(fan)圍(wei)內加快推進(jin)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市場(chang)(chang)建設。2021年，國家(jia)能(neng)源(yuan)局(ju)印(yin)發(fa)《電(dian)力(li)輔助服務(wu)管理(li)辦法》，電(dian)力(li)平衡價(jia)值也能(neng)得到體現(xian)。但(dan)容(rong)量(liang)成本(ben)回收機(ji)制只在部(bu)分(fen)省(sheng)份進(jin)行了(le)探(tan)索，沒有在全(quan)國大范(fan)圍(wei)推進(jin)。所以，煤電(dian)容(rong)量(liang)價(jia)格的出臺，建立了(le)覆蓋我國主要(yao)(yao)有效容(rong)量(liang)來(lai)源(yuan)的成本(ben)回收機(ji)制，彌(mi)補了(le)電(dian)力(li)市場(chang)(chang)體系中容(rong)量(liang)機(ji)制設計(ji)的空白，為電(dian)力(li)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市場(chang)(chang)打上了(le)重要(yao)(yao)“補丁”，滿足了(le)我國健(jian)全(quan)多層次電(dian)力(li)市場(chang)(chang)體系的需(xu)要(yao)(yao)。

后續發(fa)展(zhan)蘊(yun)新(xin)意

煤電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)將推動發(fa)電(dian)(dian)側統一容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)出臺。此次出臺的(de)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)僅針對(dui)煤電(dian)(dian)，暫不(bu)涉及(ji)其他類型發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)。雖然之前抽水蓄能和部分燃氣發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)已納入容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)管理體系(xi)，但其他類型的(de)儲能和一些(xie)能夠提供頂峰容(rong)量的(de)燃氣機(ji)(ji)組(zu)并未(wei)納入容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)的(de)范疇，所以，目前尚未(wei)建立(li)面(mian)向所有(you)可提供有(you)效(xiao)容(rong)量的(de)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)體系(xi)。

考慮到煤電(dian)(dian)容量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)的基準性，煤電(dian)(dian)容量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制的出臺將會推動發電(dian)(dian)側統一容量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制出臺。

煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)改(gai)變了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)結構。煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的出(chu)臺，將之前單一(yi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)結構進(jin)行(xing)了拆分，改(gai)為“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)+容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)”；雖然(ran)明確規定容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)向用(yong)戶側疏導和分攤(tan)，但不一(yi)定會推高用(yong)戶用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成本和價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)。首先，給予(yu)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)補(bu)償(chang)后，長期(qi)市場價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)中固(gu)定成本回收的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能量(liang)(liang)(liang)將更(geng)多反映燃料成本，從而減(jian)少策(ce)略性報價(jia)(jia)(jia)，可(ke)(ke)能導致煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)下降(jiang)。二是(shi)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)是(shi)其(qi)他(ta)各類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)的基(ji)準，其(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)的下降(jiang)可(ke)(ke)能帶動其(qi)他(ta)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)的下降(jiang)。雖然(ran)終端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)總水平(ping)的漲跌存在不確定性，但考慮到煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的疏導和分攤(tan)只涉(she)及到工(gong)(gong)商業(ye)(ye)用(yong)戶，不涉(she)及居(ju)民和農(nong)業(ye)(ye)用(yong)戶，這些用(yong)戶用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)仍(reng)執行(xing)現行(xing)目錄(lu)銷售電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)政策(ce)，可(ke)(ke)能導致工(gong)(gong)商業(ye)(ye)與居(ju)民之間電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的差距越(yue)來越(yue)大(da)，交叉補(bu)貼越(yue)來越(yue)多。

煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)為(wei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場建設(she)(she)奠定了基(ji)礎。在主(zhu)流發電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)成(cheng)本(ben)回收機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)中，容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場是最具(ju)有市(shi)(shi)(shi)場特(te)征(zheng)的(de)(de)方(fang)式。它以競(jing)爭方(fang)式形成(cheng)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)價(jia)(jia)格，并成(cheng)為(wei)競(jing)爭性電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)場的(de)(de)重(zhong)要組成(cheng)部分。然而(er)，容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場的(de)(de)設(she)(she)計較(jiao)為(wei)復雜，特(te)別是對(dui)于容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)需求的(de)(de)準確預測要求較(jiao)高。相比(bi)之下，容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)補償(chang)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)是對(dui)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)企業的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)投(tou)資進行直接補償(chang)，通過(guo)設(she)(she)定相對(dui)穩(wen)定的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，為(wei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)投(tou)資主(zhu)體(ti)提(ti)(ti)供穩(wen)定預期(qi)，降低建設(she)(she)難度和風險，易于實(shi)施(shi)。我國出臺(tai)的(de)(de)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)屬于容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)補償(chang)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，通過(guo)行政方(fang)式確定，雖然能(neng)夠保障容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)價(jia)(jia)格的(de)(de)長期(qi)穩(wen)定，但也存在市(shi)(shi)(shi)場化(hua)程(cheng)度不(bu)高的(de)(de)問題，因此(ci)被視為(wei)一項過(guo)渡性機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。隨著我國市(shi)(shi)(shi)場化(hua)程(cheng)度的(de)(de)不(bu)斷提(ti)(ti)高，各(ge)類型機(ji)組相繼入市(shi)(shi)(shi)，容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)也將(jiang)覆蓋各(ge)類型機(ji)組。不(bu)同類型機(ji)組按照“同質同價(jia)(jia)”的(de)(de)原(yuan)則公平競(jing)爭，使得容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)更加(jia)符合系統需要，為(wei)后續競(jing)爭性容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場的(de)(de)開設(she)(she)奠定堅實(shi)基(ji)礎。