建(jian)議明確跨(kua)省區機組平(ping)衡關系(xi)歸屬，落實(shi)跨(kua)省區機組容量費用的合(he)理(li)分攤。

（來源：能源新媒 文/馮(feng)子(zi)珊(shan)）

2023年11月8日，國家發改委、國家能源局聯合印發了《關于建立煤電容量電價機制的通知》（發改價格〔2023〕1501號）（簡稱“通知”），要求自2024年1月1日起在全國建立煤電容量電價機制，成為我國電價市場化改革的“里程碑”和重大突破，其中明確了容量電費由工商業用(yong)戶(hu)分(fen)攤(tan)，且針對跨省(sheng)跨區外送電(dian)量的容量電(dian)費初步建立了分(fen)攤(tan)機(ji)制。

容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)價并非發(fa)給煤電(dian)(dian)的(de)“補貼”，而(er)是(shi)購買(mai)有效(xiao)容(rong)量的(de)付費(fei)。為進一(yi)步優化(hua)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)費(fei)的(de)分攤(tan)機制，建議明確(que)跨(kua)省區送受(shou)電(dian)(dian)在送端省內的(de)“角色”，根據實(shi)際服務的(de)提(ti)供(gong)落實(shi)跨(kua)省區機組容(rong)量費(fei)用的(de)合理分攤(tan)，推動我國電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場的(de)進一(yi)步完(wan)善。

我國容量電(dian)價機制

《通知》針(zhen)對(dui)容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費分攤(tan)做出(chu)明確要求(qiu)，均由工商(shang)業用(yong)戶(hu)進(jin)行分攤(tan)。其中，省內(nei)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費納入(ru)省內(nei)系統運行費用(yong)，每月由工商(shang)業用(yong)戶(hu)按當(dang)月用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)比例(li)分攤(tan)；省間容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費區分是否納入(ru)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省份電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)平衡分別作出(chu)要求(qiu)。

對納(na)入受(shou)(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)份(fen)(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量平衡(heng)的跨(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)區(qu)外(wai)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組，送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)受(shou)(shou)雙方要通過合約(yue)明確(que)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)分攤(tan)比(bi)例(li)和履約(yue)責(ze)任等內(nei)容(rong)。其(qi)中，點對網(wang)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組不參與(yu)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)端省(sheng)份(fen)(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統，由(you)(you)受(shou)(shou)端省(sheng)份(fen)(fen)承擔容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)；網(wang)對網(wang)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組原則上執(zhi)行送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)份(fen)(fen)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價，由(you)(you)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)受(shou)(shou)兩(liang)端協(xie)商分攤(tan)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)。對未納(na)入受(shou)(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)份(fen)(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量平衡(heng)的跨(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)區(qu)外(wai)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組，由(you)(you)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)份(fen)(fen)承擔其(qi)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)。

實(shi)際(ji)落實(shi)過程中，網對網外送電(dian)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)費(fei)落實(shi)存在操作上的(de)難題(ti)，一是政府之間很難快速達成協(xie)議。二是由電(dian)源市場化跨省出售的(de)年度(du)電(dian)量(liang)，由于電(dian)源的(de)容(rong)量(liang)費(fei)有送端(duan)省用戶兜底，對爭(zheng)取受端(duan)省支付容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)費(fei)缺乏積極性(xing)。

國外(wai)容量市場模(mo)式

目(mu)前(qian)我國采用(yong)(yong)(yong)集中式電(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場，與美國電(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場較(jiao)為類(lei)似，故以美國較(jiao)為成(cheng)熟的(de)PJM容(rong)量(liang)(liang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場為例。PJM容(rong)量(liang)(liang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)交易模型(xing)為可靠性定(ding)價模型(xing)，包括1個基本(ben)拍賣(mai)(mai)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場、3個追(zhui)加拍賣(mai)(mai)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場和1個雙(shuang)邊市(shi)(shi)(shi)場。基本(ben)拍賣(mai)(mai)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場提(ti)前(qian)3年舉行，PJM根據(ju)對(dui)3年后的(de)負荷(he)預(yu)測，組織容(rong)量(liang)(liang)擁有者競價，以滿足(zu)電(dian)網3年后的(de)機組容(rong)量(liang)(liang)需求，購買容(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)根據(ju)規則分攤給負荷(he)服務(wu)商。追(zhui)加拍賣(mai)(mai)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場和雙(shuang)邊市(shi)(shi)(shi)場主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于在基本(ben)拍賣(mai)(mai)至執(zhi)行的(de)三(san)年內，補充無法執(zhi)行的(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)并允許(xu)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場主(zhu)體(ti)間進行容(rong)量(liang)(liang)轉讓(rang)。

容(rong)量市(shi)(shi)場(chang)購買的(de)是(shi)頂峰容(rong)量的(de)充裕性(xing)。在(zai)(zai)美國PJM容(rong)量市(shi)(shi)場(chang)中(zhong)，PJM區域外的(de)資源供(gong)應商可自(zi)愿參(can)與(yu)PJM容(rong)量市(shi)(shi)場(chang)，如果(guo)選擇參(can)與(yu)則需(xu)要(yao)(yao)滿足PJM電(dian)力市(shi)(shi)場(chang)手冊(ce)和協議的(de)要(yao)(yao)求，在(zai)(zai)PJM市(shi)(shi)場(chang)中(zhong)注冊(ce)并(bing)與(yu)PJM市(shi)(shi)場(chang)有物(wu)理連(lian)接、能夠在(zai)(zai)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)中(zhong)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)有效容(rong)量。PJM區域外的(de)負(fu)荷(he)(he)如果(guo)要(yao)(yao)參(can)與(yu)PJM容(rong)量市(shi)(shi)場(chang)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)由PJM負(fu)荷(he)(he)服務商提(ti)(ti)供(gong)服務，并(bing)納(na)入PJM電(dian)力市(shi)(shi)場(chang)的(de)負(fu)荷(he)(he)預(yu)測和運(yun)行。

由(you)于美國(guo)電力(li)系統(tong)主要由(you)交(jiao)流電網組成，遠(yuan)程直流送電較少，容量(liang)市(shi)場(chang)依托區(qu)域(yu)(yu)內交(jiao)流電網進行調(diao)度(du)和服(fu)務，跨區(qu)域(yu)(yu)發用(yong)(yong)電也僅在(zai)臨近區(qu)域(yu)(yu)開展。所以(yi)，在(zai)PJM容量(liang)市(shi)場(chang)中，無論是(shi)跨區(qu)域(yu)(yu)發電還是(shi)用(yong)(yong)電，均(jun)需要市(shi)場(chang)主體(ti)以(yi)參(can)(can)與(yu)(yu)PJM電力(li)市(shi)場(chang)為基本前提，并在(zai)PJM市(shi)場(chang)中可調(diao)度(du)、可服(fu)務，才能參(can)(can)與(yu)(yu)PJM容量(liang)市(shi)場(chang)，獲得容量(liang)電費收入，不符合任何條件(jian)之一無法獲得容量(liang)電費。

國內外(wai)對比(bi)分析

對(dui)比(bi)我國(guo)煤電(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)價機制和美(mei)國(guo)PJM電(dian)力容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)的跨網（市場(chang)(chang)(chang)）容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)政策(ce)，美(mei)國(guo)PJM容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)以電(dian)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)調度為基準，僅允許參與其電(dian)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)的市場(chang)(chang)(chang)主體(ti)參與容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)，將(jiang)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)視為電(dian)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的附屬產品；同時(shi)根據電(dian)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)能(neng)夠控制和調度的范圍，以實際(ji)調度能(neng)力為標準界(jie)定參與容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)的市場(chang)(chang)(chang)主體(ti)。

由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力現貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)尚未在(zai)全國(guo)建立，我(wo)國(guo)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)中，對(dui)跨省(sheng)(sheng)區(qu)機組的容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費機制與(yu)(yu)美國(guo)容(rong)量市(shi)場(chang)(chang)運行機制存(cun)在(zai)一定(ding)不同。一方面，我(wo)國(guo)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)未以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能量市(shi)場(chang)(chang)（現貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)）為基準，跨省(sheng)(sheng)區(qu)外送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量主(zhu)要(yao)通過政(zheng)(zheng)府間(jian)協議簽(qian)訂電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量合約，作為省(sheng)(sheng)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能量市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的出(chu)清(qing)邊界，不參與(yu)(yu)省(sheng)(sheng)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能量市(shi)場(chang)(chang)，無法直接為省(sheng)(sheng)內(nei)提供隨時可調度容(rong)量。

另一方面，我國跨省(sheng)跨區機組容量(liang)(liang)未明確送(song)端、受端省(sheng)份的平衡(heng)關系，在調度(du)該容量(liang)(liang)時，需要送(song)受兩(liang)(liang)端調度(du)進行即時協商，將導致兩(liang)(liang)端均(jun)無法(fa)快(kuai)速使用(yong)跨省(sheng)跨區機組的容量(liang)(liang)，導致給予的容量(liang)(liang)電費存在無法(fa)獲得應有(you)可用(yong)容量(liang)(liang)的可能(neng)，所以通知中設置了(le)考核條款。

此外，目前容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)政(zheng)策中，網對網外送(song)機組（非獨立(li)控制區）容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)規定(ding)，原則上執行(xing)送(song)電(dian)(dian)省(sheng)份容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)，由送(song)受(shou)兩(liang)(liang)端協商分攤(tan)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)，未將容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)分攤(tan)與電(dian)(dian)能量(liang)市(shi)場的參與情況(kuang)相關(guan)聯。由于在多數(shu)非供需緊(jin)張時段送(song)端價(jia)格協商效(xiao)率很低，且執行(xing)送(song)端容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)，容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)費(fei)用可能多數(shu)由送(song)端省(sheng)份承擔(dan)，將影響送(song)受(shou)兩(liang)(liang)端工商業用戶支付(fu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)的公平性。

我國系統運行費支(zhi)付政(zheng)策的建議(yi)

我國遠程(cheng)送(song)(song)電電量(liang)占比(bi)較(jiao)大，對送(song)(song)受兩端電力供需平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)均起到較(jiao)為重要(yao)的作用(yong)(yong)。為增強(qiang)容量(liang)電費政策(ce)的公(gong)平(ping)(ping)性、保障跨省區外(wai)送(song)(song)機組成(cheng)本回收(shou)能力，建(jian)議(yi)明確跨省區機組平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)關(guan)系(xi)歸屬，落實(shi)跨省區機組容量(liang)費用(yong)(yong)的合(he)理分攤。同時，由(you)于容量(liang)電價補償(chang)與輔助服務市場費用(yong)(yong)作為系(xi)統運行費用(yong)(yong)，兩者的支付機制較(jiao)為類似，故(gu)輔助服務費用(yong)(yong)也(ye)應(ying)按照與容量(liang)電費相似的邏輯(ji)，明確平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)關(guan)系(xi)并(bing)合(he)理分攤相關(guan)費用(yong)(yong)。

一方面，要明確(que)(que)(que)跨省區(qu)(qu)機(ji)組(zu)在送受(shou)(shou)兩端的(de)(de)(de)平衡(heng)關(guan)(guan)系歸屬(shu)(shu)。目前非配(pei)套電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)跨省區(qu)(qu)機(ji)組(zu)僅根(gen)據政府間(jian)協(xie)議將電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)送出(chu)，隨(sui)(sui)著跨省區(qu)(qu)容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費機(ji)制的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)臺和輔(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服務(wu)(wu)市場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)，機(ji)組(zu)容量(liang)(liang)及(ji)輔(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)平衡(heng)關(guan)(guan)系亟需(xu)明確(que)(que)(que)。按照美(mei)國PJM市場(chang)設計(ji)原理，容量(liang)(liang)和輔(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服務(wu)(wu)市場(chang)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)市場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)附屬(shu)(shu)產品，應隨(sui)(sui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)送出(chu)將該部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)平衡(heng)決定權(quan)給予(yu)受(shou)(shou)端省份，并要求受(shou)(shou)端省份為該部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)所(suo)附帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)(liang)及(ji)輔(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服務(wu)(wu)付費，避(bi)免送受(shou)(shou)兩端由于緊張時段(duan)平衡(heng)關(guan)(guan)系不明確(que)(que)(que)導(dao)致在容量(liang)(liang)及(ji)輔(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服務(wu)(wu)市場(chang)中權(quan)責不對等的(de)(de)(de)情況。

另(ling)一(yi)方面，要(yao)落實跨(kua)省(sheng)(sheng)區機組系(xi)統(tong)運(yun)行費用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的合理分攤。由于(yu)省(sheng)(sheng)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)以(yi)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)為(wei)主，即使(shi)直流(liu)配套(tao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源與(yu)當地也有(you)交流(liu)連接(jie)（相(xiang)當于(yu)“點對網(wang)(wang)(wang)”交易(yi)、“網(wang)(wang)(wang)對網(wang)(wang)(wang)”送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，仍是(shi)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)端(duan)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)的一(yi)部(bu)分），電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)上送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)端(duan)交流(liu)網(wang)(wang)(wang)后(hou)無(wu)(wu)法區分每(mei)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)的生產(chan)者，跨(kua)省(sheng)(sheng)區機組在外送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)關(guan)口上取出(chu)(chu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)，自然(ran)無(wu)(wu)法確定(ding)其外送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)的每(mei)一(yi)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)能量(liang)(liang)是(shi)否為(wei)本(ben)機組產(chan)生的電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)，相(xiang)當于(yu)外送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)過程中(zhong)(zhong)會將全網(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)(nei)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)出(chu)(chu)（雪碧加紅酒(jiu)是(shi)不能只喝酒(jiu)不喝雪碧的），在送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)出(chu)(chu)關(guan)口取出(chu)(chu)外送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的同時外送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)表現出(chu)(chu)了和用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)相(xiang)同的行為(wei)特性（從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的“池子”里(li)抽水）。那么(me)，外送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)機組的送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)就應該(gai)在送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)端(duan)省(sheng)(sheng)份(fen)作為(wei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)主體(ti)參(can)與(yu)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)和輔助(zhu)(zhu)服務(wu)(wu)(wu)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)分攤，承(cheng)擔送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的“用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)”責(ze)任（送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)端(duan)有(you)效容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)和輔助(zhu)(zhu)服務(wu)(wu)(wu)是(shi)系(xi)統(tong)產(chan)品(pin)為(wei)“當地用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)+外送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)”服務(wu)(wu)(wu)）；扮演“用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)”并(bing)(bing)不影響外送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源在送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)端(duan)省(sheng)(sheng)份(fen)作為(wei)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)主體(ti)參(can)與(yu)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)和輔助(zhu)(zhu)服務(wu)(wu)(wu)市場(chang)并(bing)(bing)獲得補償。送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)端(duan)省(sheng)(sheng)份(fen)在制定(ding)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)能量(liang)(liang)價(jia)格(ge)時，應將系(xi)統(tong)運(yun)行成本(ben)涵蓋入電(dian)(dian)(dian)能量(liang)(liang)價(jia)格(ge)中(zhong)(zhong)，間接(jie)將該(gai)成本(ben)轉嫁(jia)至受端(duan)省(sheng)(sheng)份(fen)工商(shang)業承(cheng)擔，平衡送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)受兩端(duan)系(xi)統(tong)運(yun)行的責(ze)任與(yu)補償。

目前，我國已(yi)出臺煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)政策，通過定價(jia)方式反映了(le)(le)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)機組的容量(liang)價(jia)值，開啟了(le)(le)向容量(liang)市(shi)場邁進的步伐。針(zhen)對跨省(sheng)跨區(qu)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)機組的容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)費分攤方式，《通知》中(zhong)也做出了(le)(le)初步的要求(qiu)。

通知關(guan)于外送受電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)費(fei)的規(gui)定，可在落實過程(cheng)中(zhong)對比較為(wei)成熟的美(mei)國(guo)PJM容(rong)(rong)量市(shi)場(chang)機(ji)(ji)制，跨(kua)省跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組對應容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)費(fei)及與其相類似的輔(fu)助服務費(fei)收取支付，應以(yi)電(dian)(dian)能量市(shi)場(chang)平衡(heng)關(guan)系(xi)為(wei)基準，通過明確跨(kua)省區(qu)(qu)機(ji)(ji)組在送受兩端的平衡(heng)關(guan)系(xi)歸(gui)屬，以(yi)外送受電(dian)(dian)量為(wei)“擺渡舟”，落實跨(kua)省區(qu)(qu)機(ji)(ji)組系(xi)統運行費(fei)用在送受兩端工商業用戶的合理(li)分攤，推(tui)動電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)化改革，完善我國(guo)新型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統建(jian)設(she)。