為貫徹落實黨中央、國務院關于加快構建新型電力系統的決策部署，更好保障電力安全穩定供應，推動新能源加快發展和能源綠色低碳轉型，近日國家發展改革委、國家能源局聯合印發《關于建立煤電容量電價機制的通知》（發改價格〔2023〕1501號）（以下簡稱《通知》），決定自2024年1月1日起建立煤電容量電價機制，對煤電實行兩部制電價政策。煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價機制的建立，有(you)利于(yu)推動煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)向(xiang)基礎(chu)保障(zhang)性和(he)系統調節性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源并重為主轉(zhuan)型，標志著新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統中(zhong)體現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力多元價值的價格體系正在(zai)逐漸建立。
來源(yuan)：電聯(lian)新媒 作者：曾鳴(ming) 王永(yong)利
為什么建立煤電容量電價機制
（一）發揮煤(mei)電基礎性支(zhi)撐(cheng)調節作用，推動能源綠色低(di)碳轉型。
一直以(yi)來(lai)，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)大(da)部分地區的基(ji)礎保障(zhang)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，提(ti)供(gong)了60%以(yi)上(shang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)供(gong)應。在“雙碳(tan)”目(mu)標(biao)背景下，隨著我(wo)國(guo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源綠色(se)低碳(tan)轉型的逐步深化，新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源裝機和發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)占比穩步提(ti)升，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組利用(yong)小時數下降(jiang)趨(qu)勢(shi)明顯，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組正逐步向基(ji)礎保障(zhang)性(xing)和系(xi)統(tong)調節性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源并重為(wei)主轉型，集(ji)中反(fan)映在年發電(dian)(dian)(dian)利用(yong)小時數的下降(jiang)和機組運行(xing)方式的改變。容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)體現(xian)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組提(ti)供(gong)系(xi)統(tong)可(ke)用(yong)容量(liang)價(jia)值，在價(jia)格(ge)形成機制(zhi)上(shang)反(fan)映煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉型，提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)調節能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)，保障(zhang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)長期容量(liang)充(chong)裕性(xing)，促進清潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源消納，推動(dong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源綠色(se)低碳(tan)轉型。
（二(er)）滿(man)足新型電(dian)力(li)系統建設快速推(tui)進的需要(yao)，持續完善市場(chang)價格體系。
由于電力(li)(li)產品的特(te)殊性，如實時平衡需(xu)求(qiu)、缺乏(fa)大規模經濟(ji)儲存(cun)和缺乏(fa)需(xu)求(qiu)彈性等，電力(li)(li)市(shi)場無法自發形成(cheng)有序運轉和公平合理的價(jia)格(ge)(ge)體系。因此，政府(fu)需(xu)要采取必(bi)要措施(shi)來確保電力(li)(li)市(shi)場競爭充分，價(jia)格(ge)(ge)形成(cheng)合理，電力(li)(li)供應可靠。
在我(wo)國(guo)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)建(jian)設(she)正在穩(wen)步推進。電(dian)(dian)力(li)現貨(huo)市(shi)場(chang)采用系統、區域或(huo)節點短(duan)期邊際成本(ben)定價(jia)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，這種機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)夠(gou)有效激勵發電(dian)(dian)企業，根據其發電(dian)(dian)變動成本(ben)報價(jia)實現經濟(ji)調(diao)度，促進電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的低碳和經濟(ji)運(yun)行。然而，這種機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)并不能(neng)完全解(jie)決(jue)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組固定成本(ben)回收(shou)的問題。因此(ci)，建(jian)立(li)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，通過容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)回收(shou)部(bu)分或(huo)全部(bu)固定成本(ben)，具有重要的現實意義。這樣的舉措可以充(chong)分發揮政府定價(jia)的作用，填補(bu)我(wo)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)體(ti)系中容量(liang)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)設(she)計(ji)的空白，建(jian)立(li)覆蓋(gai)我(wo)國(guo)主要有效容量(liang)來源的容量(liang)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，滿足我(wo)國(guo)健全多層(ceng)次電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)體(ti)系的需求。
（三）地方容(rong)量機制的(de)優化與拓(tuo)展，各國低碳(tan)轉(zhuan)型“殊途同歸”的(de)選擇。
之前，山東、云南等省份已開展煤電容量電價的探索。2020年，山東發布《山東省電力現貨市場交易規則（試行）》，提出以容量補償方式回收發電機組固定成本，補償標準0.0991元/千瓦時，補償費用的來源為用戶側支付的容量補償電價。2022年12月，云南省發改委發布《云南省燃煤發電市場化改革實施方案（試行）》，規定煤電企業最大發電能力和最小發電能力之間的可調節空間參與調節容量市場交易，并按照各類電源、用戶對調節能力和系統容量的不同需求，差異化分攤調節容量成本。隨著全球能源低碳轉型腳步的加快，歐美等成熟電力市場認識到，容量機制有利于加強電力系統可靠性。2023年10月，美國PJM提交了容量市場改革提案，保證容量充裕性，以面對越來越嚴重的極端天氣與發電結構的不斷變化，同時歐盟認為容量機制在能源轉型過程中發揮了重要作用，同意延長容量機制至2028年12月。因此，容量電價機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)出臺既是我(wo)國(guo)地(di)方容量機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)優化與拓展，也(ye)是各國(guo)低碳轉型(xing)“殊途同(tong)歸”的(de)(de)選擇。
煤電(dian)容量電(dian)價機(ji)制的主要內容
（一）明確容量電價補償范圍，執行統一機組(zu)固定成本。
《通知》明確容量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)實(shi)施范(fan)圍(wei)為合規在(zai)運的(de)公用煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)機(ji)組，燃煤(mei)(mei)自備電(dian)廠、不(bu)符合國家規劃的(de)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)機(ji)組，以(yi)及(ji)不(bu)滿足國家對于能耗、環保和靈活調節(jie)能力等要求的(de)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)機(ji)組，不(bu)執行容量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)機(ji)制。上述適用范(fan)圍(wei)完全契(qi)合容量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)本質(zhi)，即容量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)是針對在(zai)電(dian)力系統中能夠(gou)提供有效容量(liang)的(de)電(dian)源，得(de)到(dao)容量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)就意味著需要按要求履行容量(liang)義務(wu)。
同(tong)時《通知》明(ming)確用于(yu)計(ji)算容量電(dian)價的(de)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)固(gu)定成(cheng)本主要包括折舊費、財務費、人工費、修理費等，實(shi)行(xing)(xing)全國(guo)(guo)統一標準(zhun)，為每年每千瓦330元。這樣安排，一方(fang)面煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)固(gu)定成(cheng)本地區差異總(zong)體(ti)較(jiao)小(xiao)，不同(tong)類(lei)型機(ji)(ji)組(zu)之間差異也有限(xian)(xian)，具(ju)備(bei)全國(guo)(guo)實(shi)行(xing)(xing)統一標準(zhun)的(de)基礎(chu)，較(jiao)好地統籌了(le)(le)可操(cao)作性和實(shi)際情(qing)況；另(ling)一方(fang)面也充(chong)分體(ti)現了(le)(le)價格上(shang)限(xian)(xian)管制的(de)思想，特別是百萬(wan)千瓦級(ji)先進煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)固(gu)定成(cheng)本略低于(yu)全國(guo)(guo)統一標準(zhun)，單位煤(mei)(mei)耗大幅降低，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)效益相對更(geng)高，可激勵(li)市(shi)場(chang)主體(ti)自主優化擴建(jian)技(ji)術方(fang)案，降低建(jian)設(she)運營成(cheng)本，樹(shu)立了(le)(le)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)發(fa)(fa)展新標桿。
（二）回收比例兼顧時空差異，因地制(zhi)宜確定容量補償。
《通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)》分別規定了不同比例的(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)。2024—2025年對云南(nan)、四川(chuan)、河南(nan)、重(zhong)慶、青海、廣西、湖南(nan)等7個轉型速度(du)較快的(de)地(di)(di)區，按(an)照50%容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)（165元/千瓦(wa)）執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)，2026年起容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)回(hui)收固(gu)定成(cheng)(cheng)本的(de)比例不低(di)于70%；對于其他地(di)(di)區，則按(an)照30%容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)水平（100元/千瓦(wa)）執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)，2026年通(tong)(tong)過容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)回(hui)收固(gu)定成(cheng)(cheng)本的(de)比例不低(di)于50%。《通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)》以多數地(di)(di)區30%回(hui)收比例起步(bu)、先行(xing)(xing)建立容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機制，有利于充分釋放政策信號(hao)，給相關煤電(dian)(dian)主體吃下“定心丸”，穩定煤電(dian)(dian)行(xing)(xing)業發展預(yu)期(qi)，實(shi)施過程中逐步(bu)向50%比例過渡銜接，以時間(jian)(jian)換取空間(jian)(jian)、確保(bao)政策實(shi)施效果。
通過(guo)充分考(kao)慮新型能源(yuan)體系中各地(di)(di)煤電(dian)(dian)機組轉型進度的(de)客觀情況(kuang)，同時又兼顧各地(di)(di)差異(yi)化實際(ji)情況(kuang)，因地(di)(di)制宜(yi)提(ti)出現階段(duan)各地(di)(di)不同的(de)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)，建立(li)全國統一的(de)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)標準，有利(li)于初期政策落地(di)(di)和執行到位。
（三）按照(zhao)“誰受益(yi)、誰承擔”原則，明確分攤、扣減和退出機制(zhi)。
《通知(zhi)》指出，煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)(zu)可獲得的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)，根據當(dang)地煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)和機組(zu)(zu)申報(bao)的(de)(de)最大出力(li)(li)確定(ding)，煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)(zu)分月(yue)(yue)申報(bao)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業(ye)按月(yue)(yue)結算。新(xin)建(jian)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)(zu)自投(tou)運(yun)次月(yue)(yue)起執行煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制。各地煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)納入系統(tong)運(yun)行費(fei)用(yong)，每月(yue)(yue)由工(gong)商業(ye)用(yong)戶(hu)按當(dang)月(yue)(yue)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)比(bi)例(li)分攤(tan)，由電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業(ye)按月(yue)(yue)發布(bu)、滾動清(qing)算。全體工(gong)商業(ye)用(yong)戶(hu)作為電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)最終(zhong)消費(fei)者(zhe)承擔(dan)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)，體現了煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)是為整個電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統(tong)提(ti)供長期(qi)、穩定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供應(ying)，以及激勵和引導(dao)有(you)效容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)投(tou)資而建(jian)立(li)的(de)(de)，為將來更好統(tong)一、合理疏(shu)導(dao)各類型電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)奠(dian)定(ding)了非常好的(de)(de)基礎(chu)。
《通知(zhi)》指出(chu)對納入受(shou)(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)份(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)平衡的(de)跨(kua)(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)(kua)區外(wai)送(song)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組，其(qi)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費按(an)(an)受(shou)(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)標準確定(ding)(ding)，并由受(shou)(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)用戶承擔，若(ruo)涉及多(duo)個(ge)送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方向(xiang)，那(nei)么可按(an)(an)照分(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比例或(huo)送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)比例分(fen)攤(tan)；除(chu)配(pei)套煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組之外(wai)但同樣納入受(shou)(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)平衡的(de)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組，它不是專門(men)為一個(ge)或(huo)多(duo)個(ge)受(shou)(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)提(ti)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)的(de)，而是部分(fen)外(wai)送(song)、部分(fen)支撐本地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)，需要由送(song)受(shou)(shou)雙方按(an)(an)照一定(ding)(ding)比例對容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)進行(xing)分(fen)配(pei)。因此對跨(kua)(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)(kua)區煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組實施容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價，相當于“鎖(suo)定(ding)(ding)”了煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組的(de)這部分(fen)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，未(wei)來在簽(qian)訂(ding)跨(kua)(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)(kua)區中長期(qi)合(he)(he)約(yue)時，不僅需要明(ming)確電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價，受(shou)(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)也(ye)應(ying)(ying)當按(an)(an)照容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價分(fen)攤(tan)情況，約(yue)定(ding)(ding)高峰時段電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)保障(zhang)要求，進一步理(li)順跨(kua)(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)(kua)區送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機制、規范跨(kua)(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)(kua)區送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中長期(qi)合(he)(he)約(yue)。
《通知》明確，煤電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組如無法按(an)照(zhao)調度(du)指令提供所申報的最大(da)出力情(qing)況，其(qi)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)將(jiang)(jiang)根據不同(tong)情(qing)況扣(kou)減。對自(zi)然年內月容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)全部扣(kou)減累計(ji)發生(sheng)三次的煤電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組，取消其(qi)獲取容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)的資格。考核機(ji)制(zhi)的建(jian)立(li)，有(you)效遏制(zhi)了煤電(dian)(dian)企業(ye)獲得容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)后可(ke)(ke)能出現(xian)的“躺平”現(xian)象(xiang)，將(jiang)(jiang)有(you)利(li)于(yu)激(ji)勵機(ji)組提升設備可(ke)(ke)靠性，確保煤電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組按(an)要求履行容(rong)量(liang)(liang)義務，從而保障電(dian)(dian)力供應。
煤電容量電價(jia)機制(zhi)的前進方向
（一）建立(li)涵蓋各類型(xing)電源(yuan)的容量市場機制(zhi)
從國(guo)(guo)際經驗來看，容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)成(cheng)本回收機(ji)(ji)制主要有幾種(zhong)形式(shi)：容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)市(shi)場(chang)、稀缺電(dian)價(jia)、容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)補償機(ji)(ji)制、戰略(lve)備(bei)用(yong)。其中(zhong)，容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)市(shi)場(chang)是(shi)最具(ju)有市(shi)場(chang)化特征(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)，但市(shi)場(chang)設計較(jiao)(jiao)為復雜，特別是(shi)對于容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)需(xu)(xu)求確(que)(que)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)預測準確(que)(que)性(xing)要求比較(jiao)(jiao)高；容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)補償機(ji)(ji)制建(jian)設難度和風(feng)險較(jiao)(jiao)低(di)，容(rong)(rong)(rong)易實(shi)施；稀缺電(dian)價(jia)由于需(xu)(xu)要對批發(fa)市(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)價(jia)有較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)承受能力(li)，且(qie)價(jia)格波動風(feng)險較(jiao)(jiao)大，不(bu)適用(yong)于我(wo)國(guo)(guo)；戰略(lve)備(bei)用(yong)機(ji)(ji)制未來可根據應(ying)急(ji)備(bei)用(yong)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)求單獨設計。綜上，現階段我(wo)國(guo)(guo)在《通(tong)知》中(zhong)提出(chu)采用(yong)較(jiao)(jiao)為穩(wen)妥的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)確(que)(que)定(ding)煤電(dian)回收的(de)(de)(de)固定(ding)成(cheng)本，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)體系(xi)實(shi)現了(le)閉環(huan)，市(shi)場(chang)體系(xi)愈發(fa)完整，未來通(tong)過(guo)建(jian)立容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)市(shi)場(chang)，涵蓋(gai)各類型電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)、以科學的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)確(que)(que)定(ding)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)需(xu)(xu)求、以更(geng)加市(shi)場(chang)化的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)確(que)(que)定(ding)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)將是(shi)必(bi)然(ran)趨(qu)勢。
（二）建(jian)立考慮煤電利用(yong)小時(shi)的精細化補償比(bi)例
合理確定(ding)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)回(hui)收固定(ding)成本比(bi)例是容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)方案設計的(de)(de)(de)關鍵一環。定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)低了，可能(neng)對煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)補償(chang)(chang)力度(du)不夠，難以有效激勵煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)投資擴建；定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)了，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)量市場中的(de)(de)(de)報價(jia)(jia)會顯著下降，拉(la)低核電(dian)(dian)(dian)、水電(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)未(wei)出臺容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機(ji)(ji)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)源品(pin)類的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)格，影響其平(ping)穩(wen)健康運(yun)行。同時，各地(di)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)年(nian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)利(li)用小時數存在較(jiao)大差(cha)異，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)功能(neng)轉型進(jin)程不一，不宜(yi)“一刀切”確定(ding)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)水平(ping)。因此，未(wei)來在進(jin)一步確定(ding)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)回(hui)收固定(ding)成本比(bi)例時，需要(yao)考慮煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)分(fen)特(te)性、煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)利(li)用小時等(deng)個體差(cha)異以及單個機(ji)(ji)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)技術運(yun)行特(te)點，建立更加符(fu)合各地(di)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)實際情況的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)類分(fen)檔(dang)精細(xi)(xi)化補償(chang)(chang)比(bi)例，進(jin)一步加快煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)實現功能(neng)轉型。
（三(san)）建立應急備(bei)用煤電機(ji)組容(rong)量電價機(ji)制
各(ge)地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統對(dui)支(zhi)撐(cheng)調(diao)節能力需求不(bu)(bu)同，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功能轉(zhuan)型進(jin)度差異也較大(da)。有的(de)地方水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、新能源(yuan)等(deng)可(ke)(ke)再生能源(yuan)比重較大(da)，煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)主(zhu)要發揮支(zhi)撐(cheng)調(diao)節作用(yong)(yong)；有的(de)地方煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)則(ze)仍是主(zhu)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，在提供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)方面都是“頂梁柱”。為應對(dui)未來新能源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高比例接(jie)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統后可(ke)(ke)能頻繁出現的(de)“晚峰無光”“極(ji)熱無風”等(deng)問題，國家應積極(ji)推進(jin)應急備(bei)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)能力建設，引導退(tui)役(yi)或臨(lin)近退(tui)役(yi)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)“退(tui)而(er)不(bu)(bu)拆”轉(zhuan)為應急備(bei)用(yong)(yong)，在運(yun)行(xing)方式和成(cheng)本構成(cheng)上(shang)有別于(yu)常規煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)，需配(pei)套建立應急備(bei)用(yong)(yong)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，進(jin)一(yi)步明確(que)應急備(bei)用(yong)(yong)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)通過容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)回(hui)收的(de)固定成(cheng)本比例，保(bao)障煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)穩妥(tuo)有序(xu)退(tui)出。煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)與應急備(bei)用(yong)(yong)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)應協(xie)同配(pei)合，從根本上(shang)解決煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)業轉(zhuan)型問題。
（四）統籌各環節調節性資(zi)源，明(ming)確煤(mei)電機組(zu)有效補(bu)償方案
在全(quan)(quan)國統一(yi)大市場(chang)發展背景下，以市場(chang)化(hua)手(shou)段激(ji)勵我國能(neng)源系統各(ge)(ge)環節(jie)(jie)資源進(jin)行互動成(cheng)為了現(xian)實，煤(mei)電不(bu)再(zai)是(shi)唯一(yi)的(de)安全(quan)(quan)性保(bao)障(zhang)資源。因此，在開展煤(mei)電容量(liang)補償的(de)同時(shi)，還(huan)需要統籌(chou)考慮各(ge)(ge)環節(jie)(jie)調(diao)節(jie)(jie)性資源，分析各(ge)(ge)類資源的(de)有效性與(yu)可(ke)靠性，以調(diao)節(jie)(jie)需求(qiu)(qiu)為核心明確煤(mei)電機(ji)(ji)組安全(quan)(quan)保(bao)障(zhang)剛性需求(qiu)(qiu)量(liang)，針對高能(neng)效、靈活性機(ji)(ji)組設定有針對性的(de)補償方案(an)，避(bi)免全(quan)(quan)國“一(yi)刀切”。
本文(wen)系《中(zhong)國(guo)電力(li)企業管(guan)理》獨家稿件，作者供職(zhi)于(yu)華北電力(li)大學能源互聯網研究(jiu)中(zhong)心。
