在(zai)全(quan)球氣候治理格(ge)局(ju)深度重構(gou)的(de)(de)背景(jing)下，“綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直連(lian)”作為破(po)解能源(yuan)轉型與碳(tan)關稅壁壘雙重挑戰的(de)(de)制(zhi)度創(chuang)新(xin)，逐漸進入人們的(de)(de)視(shi)野。國(guo)家(jia)發展改革委(wei)、國(guo)家(jia)能源(yuan)局(ju)印發《關于有序推動(dong)綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直連(lian)發展有關事項的(de)(de)通知》（以(yi)下簡稱(cheng)《通知》）開展綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直連(lian)試點項目，旨在(zai)提(ti)升清潔能源(yuan)利(li)用效(xiao)率、提(ti)升綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)物理屬(shu)性(xing)，這種(zhong)創(chuang)新(xin)模式將綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)消費在(zai)時(shi)間(jian)精度和(he)發用電(dian)(dian)位置上的(de)(de)顆粒度進一步提(ti)升，為全(quan)國(guo)新(xin)能源(yuan)產業的(de)(de)發展提(ti)供了有益的(de)(de)探索和(he)借鑒(jian)。

從國際視角來看，根據歐(ou)盟去(qu)年4月公(gong)布的(de)(de)《新(xin)電(dian)池法案》下的(de)(de)碳足跡(ji)計算規則草案及(ji)各(ge)國(guo)(guo)對于電(dian)力直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)概念，“連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)獨立(li)(li)發(fa)電(dian)站(zhan)點與獨立(li)(li)用(yong)戶(hu)之間的(de)(de)電(dian)力線路，或連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)發(fa)電(dian)企業與電(dian)力供(gong)應商直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)(jie)為其自有(you)場所、子公(gong)司及(ji)客戶(hu)供(gong)電(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)力線路”，“綠電(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)(lian)(lian)”應是(shi)通過“拉專線”的(de)(de)方式連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)新(xin)能源(yuan)電(dian)站(zhan)與用(yong)戶(hu)。有(you)意(yi)思(si)的(de)(de)是(shi)，在(zai)歐(ou)盟各(ge)國(guo)(guo)實踐中并未切(qie)斷與大電(dian)網的(de)(de)聯(lian)系，根據美國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)際開發(fa)署（USAID）統(tong)計，在歐盟(meng)(meng)已經展開綠電直連(lian)(lian)實踐的(de)(de)(de)國家中，拉脫(tuo)維亞直連(lian)(lian)線路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)戶(hu)有(you)權保持與系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)永(yong)久(jiu)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)作為備用(yong)，或者在用(yong)戶(hu)沒有(you)安(an)裝永(yong)久(jiu)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)情況下，要(yao)求系(xi)(xi)統(tong)運營商安(an)裝備用(yong)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)。波蘭政(zheng)府認為，將(jiang)“直連(lian)(lian)線路(lu)”的(de)(de)(de)定義狹隘地理解為在孤島(dao)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)內運行，違反了歐盟(meng)(meng)指(zhi)令。

中國方案展現(xian)出顯著的系(xi)統性優勢(shi)。一是制度創新：構建與國(guo)際規則兼容(rong)的本土化框架。在(zai)我國目(mu)前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統中（不(bu)(bu)含分(fen)(fen)布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源直接(jie)(jie)供應），幾乎全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源都是先(xian)連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)到輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)再通(tong)過配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)輸(shu)送給用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)，不(bu)(bu)同(tong)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)上網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)后受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣規律和(he)基爾霍夫定律等影響(xiang)，各種(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)“眾流歸源”一樣混(hun)淆在(zai)一起，用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)無(wu)法(fa)明確使用(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)由(you)哪個發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠提供，也(ye)(ye)無(wu)法(fa)分(fen)(fen)辨用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)在(zai)某(mou)一瞬間使用(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)屬于哪種(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)。用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)與發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)存在(zai)物理(li)上的(de)(de)可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)消(xiao)費的(de)(de)“可(ke)追(zhui)溯(su)”，“漂(piao)綠(lv)”帶(dai)來的(de)(de)道德問題，引發(fa)諸多(duo)爭議。《通(tong)知》首(shou)次明確了(le)(le)綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)定義(yi)，“指風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽能(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、生(sheng)物質發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等新能(neng)源不(bu)(bu)直接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)入(ru)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，通(tong)過直連(lian)(lian)(lian)線路向(xiang)單一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)供給綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)實現供給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)清(qing)晰物理(li)溯(su)源的(de)(de)模式”。同(tong)時按照負荷是否接(jie)(jie)入(ru)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)分(fen)(fen)為并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)(xing)和(he)離網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)(xing)兩(liang)類(lei)。并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)(xing)項目(mu)作為整體接(jie)(jie)入(ru)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，與公(gong)(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)形成清(qing)晰的(de)(de)物理(li)界面(mian)與責(ze)任(ren)界面(mian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源應接(jie)(jie)入(ru)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)和(he)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)產(chan)(chan)權分(fen)(fen)界點的(de)(de)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)側。這一制(zhi)度設計既回應了(le)(le)歐(ou)盟對(dui)綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)強制(zhi)要求(qiu)，也(ye)(ye)創新性地界定了(le)(le)“安全責(ze)任(ren)界面(mian)”，通(tong)過產(chan)(chan)權分(fen)(fen)界點的(de)(de)物理(li)切(qie)割的(de)(de)方(fang)式，創造了(le)(le)“物理(li)隔離+市場聯通(tong)”的(de)雙軌機(ji)制，既保障了公共電(dian)網安全(quan)穩定(ding)運行，又(you)賦予市場主體更大的(de)自主權，將電(dian)力從“通(tong)用商(shang)品”升級(ji)為“低碳通(tong)行證”。

二是回歸了(le)分布式光伏發電(dian)的初心和本源。長久(jiu)以來，綠(lv)(lv)電沒(mei)有參與現貨的結算，綠(lv)(lv)電簽約雙(shuang)方(fang)也沒(mei)有在合同中約定(ding)結算參考點及(ji)平衡責任承擔方(fang)等內容，綠(lv)(lv)電合同對(dui)應的發電及(ji)用戶均未承擔相關(guan)責任。《通知》突破傳統(tong)綠(lv)(lv)電交(jiao)易“證書虛擬交(jiao)割”模(mo)式，首創“物理直連+市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)結(jie)算(suan)(suan)”雙輪(lun)驅動，并網(wang)型項目(mu)(mu)應按照(zhao)“以荷(he)定(ding)源(yuan)”，現貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)連(lian)(lian)續運(yun)行地(di)區可采取整體(ti)自(zi)發(fa)(fa)自(zi)用為主(zhu)，余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)為輔的(de)(de)(de)模式(shi)；現貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)未連(lian)(lian)續運(yun)行地(di)區，不允許(xu)向(xiang)公共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)反送。同時，在交(jiao)易(yi)方面(mian)，并網(wang)型綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連(lian)(lian)項目(mu)(mu)享(xiang)平(ping)等的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)地(di)位，按照(zhao)《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)注(zhu)冊基本規則》進行注(zhu)冊，原(yuan)則上(shang)(shang)應作(zuo)為整體(ti)參(can)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)交(jiao)易(yi)，根(gen)據市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)交(jiao)易(yi)結(jie)果安(an)排生產，并按照(zhao)與公共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)換功率(lv)進行結(jie)算(suan)(suan)。項目(mu)(mu)負荷(he)不得由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業代(dai)理購電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。《通知》為源(yuan)網(wang)荷(he)儲參(can)與市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化交(jiao)易(yi)開(kai)辟了新路徑，這既落實了《分(fen)布式(shi)光伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)建設管理辦法》的(de)(de)(de)改革要求，又實現了《關于深化新能源(yuan)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化改革 促進新能源(yuan)高質(zhi)量(liang)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)通知》中新能源(yuan)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)原(yuan)則上(shang)(shang)全部進入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)政策目(mu)(mu)標。

三是加強組織保障(zhang)、創(chuang)新發展模(mo)式。風能(neng)、太陽(yang)能(neng)等(deng)(deng)間歇性(xing)(xing)能(neng)源，給“綠電(dian)(dian)直連”用(yong)戶(hu)的(de)連續性(xing)(xing)和穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)帶來挑戰。《通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)》要求，并網型(xing)綠電(dian)(dian)直連項(xiang)目應(ying)(ying)通(tong)(tong)過合理配(pei)置儲能(neng)、挖掘負荷(he)(he)靈活調節潛力(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式，充(chong)分提(ti)升(sheng)項(xiang)目靈活性(xing)(xing)調節能(neng)力(li)(li)，盡可能(neng)減少系統(tong)調節壓力(li)(li)。《通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)》明(ming)確(que)(que)，綠電(dian)(dian)直連項(xiang)目原則(ze)(ze)上(shang)由負荷(he)(he)作(zuo)為(wei)主(zhu)責單位(wei)。項(xiang)目電(dian)(dian)源可由負荷(he)(he)投資(zi)(zi)，直連專線原則(ze)(ze)上(shang)應(ying)(ying)由負荷(he)(he)、電(dian)(dian)源主(zhu)體(ti)投資(zi)(zi)。為(wei)破解新能(neng)源波動(dong)性(xing)(xing)與工業連續生(sheng)產的(de)矛(mao)盾，《通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)》一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)要求直連項(xiang)目投資(zi)(zi)者承擔專線建設成(cheng)本，通(tong)(tong)過收益與成(cheng)本的(de)市場化平衡(heng)激發投資(zi)(zi)活力(li)(li)；另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)，明(ming)確(que)(que)鼓勵用(yong)戶(hu)提(ti)升(sheng)系統(tong)友好性(xing)(xing)，避免因“搭便(bian)車”導致公共電(dian)(dian)網負擔轉嫁(jia)。為(wei)保證系統(tong)安全(quan)，《通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)》進行了相關規(gui)范，進一(yi)(yi)步細化上(shang)網電(dian)(dian)量(liang)比例、退出(chu)(chu)機制等(deng)(deng)具(ju)體(ti)要求，引導項(xiang)目科學合理評估需求，避免出(chu)(chu)現(xian)實際運行與設計方(fang)(fang)(fang)案出(chu)(chu)現(xian)較大偏(pian)差、新能(neng)源消納不及預期等(deng)(deng)情況(kuang)。

“綠電直(zhi)連(lian)”雖然是(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)領域的(de)(de)(de)創新之舉，具有廣闊(kuo)的(de)(de)(de)發展前景(jing)，但用戶不僅要(yao)承擔(dan)建設成本，還要(yao)面臨市場(chang)交易與收益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)不確定性，綠電直(zhi)連(lian)在推進過程中面臨著安全(quan)、經濟、技(ji)術等多重風險。必(bi)須要(yao)看到，電力(li)系(xi)(xi)統本身就是(shi)最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)網源(yuan)荷儲(chu)系(xi)(xi)統，“綠電直(zhi)連(lian)”形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)小系(xi)(xi)統，在可靠(kao)性相(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)前提下(xia)，必(bi)然經濟性低于大(da)系(xi)(xi)統，因此減少對于大(da)系(xi)(xi)統依(yi)賴、自由(you)選擇可靠(kao)性是(shi)小系(xi)(xi)統獲(huo)得相(xiang)對經濟性的(de)(de)(de)必(bi)然選擇。《通知》不失為(wei)(wei)一次迎難而上的(de)(de)(de)試水，以(yi)“綠電直(zhi)連(lian)”試點為(wei)(wei)契(qi)機，凝聚政府、企業和科研機構等各方合力(li)，加(jia)大(da)技(ji)術研發投入，完善市場(chang)機制和監管體系(xi)(xi)，為(wei)(wei)清潔(jie)能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)高效利(li)用開(kai)辟新道路。（華能(neng)集(ji)團(tuan)能(neng)源(yuan)研究院副院長 陳大(da)宇）