在(zai)全(quan)球氣(qi)候(hou)治(zhi)理格局深度重(zhong)(zhong)構的(de)(de)背景(jing)下，“綠電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)”作為破解能源(yuan)轉型與碳關稅壁壘雙(shuang)重(zhong)(zhong)挑戰的(de)(de)制度創新，逐漸進入人們的(de)(de)視野(ye)。國(guo)家發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)改革(ge)委、國(guo)家能源(yuan)局印發(fa)(fa)(fa)《關于有(you)序推動(dong)綠電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)有(you)關事項的(de)(de)通知(zhi)》（以下簡稱《通知(zhi)》）開展(zhan)綠電(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)試點(dian)項目，旨在(zai)提升清(qing)潔能源(yuan)利(li)用效率(lv)、提升綠電(dian)的(de)(de)物(wu)理屬性，這種創新模式將綠電(dian)消(xiao)費在(zai)時間(jian)精度和發(fa)(fa)(fa)用電(dian)位置上的(de)(de)顆粒度進一步提升，為全(quan)國(guo)新能源(yuan)產業(ye)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)提供(gong)了有(you)益的(de)(de)探(tan)索和借鑒(jian)。

從(cong)國(guo)際視角來看(kan)，根(gen)據(ju)歐盟去年4月公(gong)布(bu)的(de)(de)《新(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池法(fa)案(an)》下的(de)(de)碳足跡計算規則草案(an)及各國(guo)對于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)直連的(de)(de)概念(nian)，“連接獨立(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站點與獨立(li)用(yong)戶(hu)之間的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)線路(lu)，或連接發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供應(ying)商(shang)直接為其自有(you)(you)場所、子公(gong)司及客戶(hu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)線路(lu)”，“綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連”應(ying)是(shi)通過(guo)“拉專線”的(de)(de)方式連接新(xin)能(neng)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站與用(yong)戶(hu)。有(you)(you)意思的(de)(de)是(shi)，在歐盟各國(guo)實踐中并未(wei)切(qie)斷(duan)與大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)聯系(xi)，根據美國(guo)國(guo)際開發(fa)署（USAID）統(tong)(tong)計，在歐(ou)盟已經展開綠(lv)電直連實(shi)踐的(de)國家中，拉脫維亞(ya)直連線(xian)路的(de)用(yong)戶(hu)有權保持與系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)永(yong)久(jiu)連接(jie)作為(wei)備(bei)用(yong)，或者在用(yong)戶(hu)沒(mei)有安(an)裝永(yong)久(jiu)連接(jie)的(de)情(qing)況下(xia)，要求系(xi)統(tong)(tong)運營商安(an)裝備(bei)用(yong)連接(jie)。波蘭政府認為(wei)，將“直連線(xian)路”的(de)定義狹隘地(di)理解為(wei)在孤島系(xi)統(tong)(tong)內運行，違反了歐(ou)盟指令。

中國(guo)方案展(zhan)現出顯著的(de)系統性優勢。一(yi)是制度創新：構建與國際規則兼(jian)容的本(ben)土化框架。在(zai)(zai)我國目前(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統中（不(bu)含分布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)直接(jie)(jie)(jie)供應），幾乎全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)都是(shi)先連接(jie)(jie)(jie)到輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)再通(tong)(tong)過配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)輸送給用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)，不(bu)同(tong)(tong)類型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)生產電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)上網(wang)(wang)后受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣規律和基爾霍夫定(ding)律等影響，各種類型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力“眾(zhong)流歸源(yuan)(yuan)”一(yi)樣混淆在(zai)(zai)一(yi)起，用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)無法明(ming)確使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力由哪個(ge)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠提(ti)供，也(ye)無法分辨用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)在(zai)(zai)某一(yi)瞬間(jian)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力屬于哪種類型(xing)。用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)與(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并不(bu)存在(zai)(zai)物(wu)理(li)上的(de)(de)可(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)生產消費(fei)的(de)(de)“可(ke)追(zhui)溯”，“漂綠(lv)”帶來的(de)(de)道(dao)德問題，引發(fa)(fa)(fa)諸多爭議(yi)。《通(tong)(tong)知》首次明(ming)確了(le)綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連的(de)(de)定(ding)義，“指風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽(yang)能(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、生物(wu)質發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)直接(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)，通(tong)(tong)過直連線路(lu)向單一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)供給綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)實現供給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)清(qing)(qing)晰(xi)物(wu)理(li)溯源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)模式(shi)”。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)按(an)照負(fu)荷是(shi)否接(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)分為并網(wang)(wang)型(xing)和離(li)網(wang)(wang)型(xing)兩類。并網(wang)(wang)型(xing)項目作為整體接(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)，與(yu)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)形成清(qing)(qing)晰(xi)的(de)(de)物(wu)理(li)界(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)與(yu)責任(ren)界(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)應接(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)和公(gong)共(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)產權(quan)(quan)分界(jie)(jie)點的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)側。這(zhe)一(yi)制(zhi)度設計(ji)既(ji)回應了(le)歐盟對(dui)綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連的(de)(de)強制(zhi)要求，也(ye)創新(xin)性地界(jie)(jie)定(ding)了(le)“安全責任(ren)界(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)”，通(tong)(tong)過產權(quan)(quan)分界(jie)(jie)點的(de)(de)物(wu)理(li)切割的(de)(de)方式(shi)，創造了(le)“物(wu)理(li)隔離(li)+市場聯通”的雙軌機(ji)制，既(ji)保障了公共電網安全穩定運行，又賦予市場主(zhu)體更(geng)大的自主(zhu)權，將電力從(cong)“通用商品”升級(ji)為“低碳通行證”。

二是回歸(gui)了分(fen)布式(shi)光(guang)伏發電的初心和本(ben)源(yuan)。長久(jiu)以(yi)來(lai)，綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)沒有參(can)與(yu)現貨的結(jie)算，綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)簽約雙方(fang)也沒有在(zai)合同(tong)中(zhong)約定結(jie)算參(can)考(kao)點及平(ping)衡責任承(cheng)擔(dan)方(fang)等內(nei)容，綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)合同(tong)對應的發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)及用(yong)戶(hu)均未承(cheng)擔(dan)相(xiang)關責任。《通(tong)知》突破傳統(tong)綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)交易“證書虛擬交割”模式，首(shou)創(chuang)“物理(li)直連+市(shi)場(chang)結(jie)(jie)算(suan)”雙輪驅動，并網(wang)(wang)型(xing)項(xiang)目應按(an)照“以荷定源(yuan)”，現貨市(shi)場(chang)連續(xu)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)地區(qu)可采取整體自發(fa)(fa)自用為(wei)主，余電(dian)(dian)上網(wang)(wang)為(wei)輔的(de)(de)(de)模式；現貨市(shi)場(chang)未連續(xu)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)地區(qu)，不允(yun)許向(xiang)公共電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)反送。同時，在交(jiao)易(yi)方面，并網(wang)(wang)型(xing)綠電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連項(xiang)目享平等的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)地位(wei)，按(an)照《電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)注冊基本規則(ze)》進行(xing)(xing)(xing)注冊，原(yuan)則(ze)上應作(zuo)為(wei)整體參與(yu)電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)交(jiao)易(yi)，根據市(shi)場(chang)交(jiao)易(yi)結(jie)(jie)果安排(pai)生產，并按(an)照與(yu)公共電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)換功率(lv)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)結(jie)(jie)算(suan)。項(xiang)目負(fu)荷不得由電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企(qi)業代理購電(dian)(dian)。《通知(zhi)》為(wei)源(yuan)網(wang)(wang)荷儲參與(yu)市(shi)場(chang)化交(jiao)易(yi)開辟了(le)新(xin)路(lu)徑，這既落實(shi)了(le)《分布式光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)開發(fa)(fa)建(jian)設管理辦法》的(de)(de)(de)改革要求，又實(shi)現了(le)《關于深(shen)化新(xin)能源(yuan)上網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)價市(shi)場(chang)化改革 促進新(xin)能源(yuan)高質量(liang)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)通知(zhi)》中新(xin)能源(yuan)上網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)原(yuan)則(ze)上全部進入電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)政策(ce)目標。

三(san)是加強組織保障、創新發(fa)展(zhan)模式。風能(neng)、太陽(yang)能(neng)等(deng)間歇(xie)性能(neng)源(yuan)，給“綠(lv)電直連(lian)(lian)”用戶(hu)的連(lian)(lian)續性和穩定性帶來挑戰。《通(tong)(tong)(tong)知》要(yao)求(qiu)，并網型(xing)綠(lv)電直連(lian)(lian)項目(mu)(mu)應通(tong)(tong)(tong)過合理(li)配置(zhi)儲能(neng)、挖掘(jue)負荷靈(ling)(ling)活(huo)(huo)調節(jie)(jie)潛力等(deng)方(fang)式，充分提(ti)升(sheng)項目(mu)(mu)靈(ling)(ling)活(huo)(huo)性調節(jie)(jie)能(neng)力，盡可能(neng)減(jian)少系(xi)統(tong)調節(jie)(jie)壓力。《通(tong)(tong)(tong)知》明(ming)確，綠(lv)電直連(lian)(lian)項目(mu)(mu)原則上由負荷作為(wei)主責單位。項目(mu)(mu)電源(yuan)可由負荷投(tou)(tou)資(zi)，直連(lian)(lian)專(zhuan)線(xian)原則上應由負荷、電源(yuan)主體(ti)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)。為(wei)破解新能(neng)源(yuan)波動性與(yu)(yu)工業連(lian)(lian)續生產的矛盾，《通(tong)(tong)(tong)知》一(yi)方(fang)面要(yao)求(qiu)直連(lian)(lian)項目(mu)(mu)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)者承(cheng)擔(dan)專(zhuan)線(xian)建設成(cheng)本，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過收益與(yu)(yu)成(cheng)本的市場化平(ping)衡(heng)激發投(tou)(tou)資(zi)活(huo)(huo)力；另一(yi)方(fang)面，明(ming)確鼓勵用戶(hu)提(ti)升(sheng)系(xi)統(tong)友(you)好性，避免(mian)(mian)因“搭便車(che)”導致公共電網負擔(dan)轉嫁。為(wei)保(bao)證系(xi)統(tong)安(an)全，《通(tong)(tong)(tong)知》進(jin)行了相關規(gui)范，進(jin)一(yi)步細化上網電量比例、退出機制等(deng)具(ju)體(ti)要(yao)求(qiu)，引導項目(mu)(mu)科學合理(li)評估需求(qiu)，避免(mian)(mian)出現(xian)實際(ji)運(yun)行與(yu)(yu)設計(ji)方(fang)案出現(xian)較大(da)偏差、新能(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)納不及預期等(deng)情況。

“綠電直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)(lian)”雖然是(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)領(ling)域的(de)(de)創新之舉(ju)，具(ju)有廣闊(kuo)的(de)(de)發展前景，但用(yong)戶不僅(jin)要承擔建設(she)成本，還(huan)要面(mian)臨市場(chang)交易與收益的(de)(de)不確定性(xing)，綠電直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)(lian)在(zai)推進過程中面(mian)臨著安全、經(jing)濟、技術等多重風險。必須要看(kan)到，電力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)本身就是(shi)最(zui)大的(de)(de)網源(yuan)(yuan)荷儲系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，“綠電直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)(lian)”形(xing)成的(de)(de)小(xiao)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，在(zai)可靠(kao)性(xing)相同的(de)(de)前提(ti)下(xia)，必然經(jing)濟性(xing)低于(yu)大系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，因此減少對于(yu)大系(xi)統(tong)(tong)依賴、自由選擇(ze)可靠(kao)性(xing)是(shi)小(xiao)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)獲(huo)得相對經(jing)濟性(xing)的(de)(de)必然選擇(ze)。《通知》不失為一次迎難而上的(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)水，以“綠電直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)(lian)”試(shi)(shi)點為契機，凝聚政府(fu)、企業和科研(yan)機構等各(ge)方合(he)力，加(jia)大技術研(yan)發投入，完善市場(chang)機制和監管體系(xi)，為清潔(jie)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)高(gao)效利用(yong)開辟新道路。（華能(neng)集團能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)研(yan)究院副院長 陳(chen)大宇）