11月10日，國家發展改革委、國家能源局聯(lian)合印發《關(guan)于(yu)建立煤電容量電價機制的通知》（發改價格〔2023〕1501號）（以下簡稱《通知》），并明確了各省級電網煤電容量電價標準，燃煤發電功能轉型速度加快。煤電容量電價按照回收煤電機組一定比例固定成本的方式確定，以補償電能量市場無法回收的固定成本，并將煤電容量電費納入系統運行費用，每月由工商業用戶按當月用電量比例分攤。同時，《通知》也為市場化的容量機制探索開了口子，電力現貨市場連續(xu)運行的(de)地方，可參考《通(tong)知》明確的(de)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，研究(jiu)建立適應當地電(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)運行情(qing)況(kuang)的(de)發電(dian)(dian)側容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)；發電(dian)(dian)側容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)建立后，省內煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組不(bu)再執行《通(tong)知》規定的(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)。國內來(lai)看，山(shan)東已經建立了體系(xi)完整的(de)發電(dian)(dian)側容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)補償機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，《通(tong)知》這(zhe)一段(duan)表述實際上就是(shi)對于(yu)山(shan)東電(dian)(dian)力現貨市場(chang)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)補償機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)的(de)肯定與(yu)鼓(gu)勵。

來源：電(dian)聯新媒 作者：北江

山東容量機制設計(ji)原理

山東采取“全容量補償機制+成本型電力現貨市場”模式。這種模式的核心思想就是對有效容量進行全固定成本補償，選擇典型邊際機組的單位投資作為全部機組有效容量的容量補償價格，容量費用(yong)由全(quan)體工商業支付，同(tong)時嚴格(ge)限(xian)制發電主(zhu)體在電力現貨市場中的報價(jia)水(shui)平，要求(qiu)其不得偏離變動(dong)成(cheng)本。

全(quan)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)指的(de)(de)是(shi)邊(bian)際(ji)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)全(quan)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)，并(bing)不(bu)是(shi)對每(mei)臺機(ji)(ji)組(zu)的(de)(de)固定(ding)成(cheng)本都(dou)進行全(quan)部(bu)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)。在(zai)正常競爭供(gong)需平衡的(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)市(shi)場中(zhong)，變動(dong)成(cheng)本較(jiao)高的(de)(de)邊(bian)際(ji)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)只有在(zai)供(gong)給(gei)緊張的(de)(de)時候才能發電(dian)。和非(fei)邊(bian)際(ji)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)不(bu)同，邊(bian)際(ji)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)在(zai)電(dian)力(li)現(xian)貨市(shi)場中(zhong)只能回收變動(dong)成(cheng)本，因此需要在(zai)場外給(gei)予全(quan)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)。同時，依據技術中(zhong)立的(de)(de)思想，若(ruo)給(gei)予邊(bian)際(ji)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)，非(fei)邊(bian)際(ji)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)也(ye)應參考相(xiang)同補(bu)償(chang)(chang)標(biao)準進行補(bu)償(chang)(chang)。成(cheng)本型電(dian)力(li)現(xian)貨市(shi)場指的(de)(de)是(shi)邊(bian)際(ji)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)已經獲取全(quan)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)，就不(bu)能允許(xu)其在(zai)現(xian)貨市(shi)場中(zhong)獲取超額收益，所以(yi)電(dian)力(li)現(xian)貨市(shi)場報(bao)價要以(yi)變動(dong)成(cheng)本為錨(mao)，適當允許(xu)上浮一定(ding)比例設定(ding)報(bao)價。

《通知》在肯定山東現有容量機制的同時，在“省級電網煤電容量電價表”中依然規定了山東的煤電容量電價水平，來和山東現行機制有效銜接。山東為保障改革初期用電價格水平的總體穩定，將原電量電價拆分為“容量電價+電(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)”兩(liang)部分(fen)，兩(liang)部分(fen)價(jia)格之和(he)為(wei)1.2倍(bei)燃煤基準價(jia)。按照(zhao)《通(tong)知(zhi)》中(zhong)將(jiang)煤電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)納入(ru)系(xi)統(tong)運行費(fei)(fei)、由工(gong)商(shang)業(ye)用(yong)戶(hu)分(fen)攤(tan)的(de)(de)思想(xiang)，山東可按“省(sheng)級電(dian)(dian)網煤電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)表(biao)”中(zhong)的(de)(de)山東煤電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)水平(ping)將(jiang)對應煤電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)納入(ru)系(xi)統(tong)運行費(fei)(fei)向工(gong)商(shang)業(ye)用(yong)戶(hu)分(fen)攤(tan)，同(tong)時相應調減現(xian)(xian)有(you)的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)水平(ping)；或者保持(chi)現(xian)(xian)有(you)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)水平(ping)不變，將(jiang)“省(sheng)級電(dian)(dian)網煤電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)表(biao)”中(zhong)的(de)(de)山東煤電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)作為(wei)新增系(xi)統(tong)運行費(fei)(fei)用(yong)單獨(du)向工(gong)商(shang)業(ye)用(yong)戶(hu)疏導。通(tong)過上述兩(liang)種方式均可實現(xian)(xian)現(xian)(xian)有(you)機(ji)制與《通(tong)知(zhi)》要求的(de)(de)銜接。

當前山(shan)東(dong)的(de)(de)邊(bian)際(ji)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)是(shi)(shi)30萬燃(ran)(ran)煤(mei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)，固(gu)定(ding)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)是(shi)(shi)山(shan)東(dong)燃(ran)(ran)煤(mei)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)最高(gao)的(de)(de)，當全(quan)(quan)額補(bu)償(chang)了30萬千瓦等級燃(ran)(ran)煤(mei)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)固(gu)定(ding)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)后，30萬千瓦以(yi)上(shang)等級機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)，由于(yu)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)相對較低，會產生(sheng)固(gu)定(ding)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)收益(yi)。近期，山(shan)東(dong)正(zheng)在(zai)投產建設燃(ran)(ran)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)，燃(ran)(ran)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)低于(yu)燃(ran)(ran)煤(mei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)，但(dan)變動成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)顯著高(gao)于(yu)燃(ran)(ran)煤(mei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)。當燃(ran)(ran)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)進入(ru)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)后，燃(ran)(ran)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)就代替30萬千瓦等級燃(ran)(ran)煤(mei)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為邊(bian)際(ji)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)，按(an)照燃(ran)(ran)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)固(gu)定(ding)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)核定(ding)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)后，會導致全(quan)(quan)網容量(liang)補(bu)償(chang)費用的(de)(de)顯著下(xia)降。是(shi)(shi)不是(shi)(shi)按(an)山(shan)東(dong)現(xian)行容量(liang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，燃(ran)(ran)氣(qi)入(ru)市(shi)(shi)(shi)后會帶來煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業的(de)(de)經營(ying)困難呢？是(shi)(shi)不是(shi)(shi)說成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)理論(lun)(lun)是(shi)(shi)錯誤的(de)(de)呢？實(shi)際(ji)上(shang)，理論(lun)(lun)依(yi)然是(shi)(shi)正(zheng)確的(de)(de)，實(shi)踐(jian)中(zhong)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)依(yi)然可(ke)以(yi)生(sheng)存。作為邊(bian)際(ji)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)，特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)氣(qi)價(jia)(jia)高(gao)企時燃(ran)(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)會顯著推(tui)高(gao)峰段的(de)(de)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能量(liang)價(jia)(jia)格，燃(ran)(ran)煤(mei)等非(fei)邊(bian)際(ji)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)雖然容量(liang)補(bu)償(chang)費用下(xia)降，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)可(ke)以(yi)獲取超過(guo)其發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變動成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能量(liang)收益(yi)。因(yin)此在(zai)燃(ran)(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)入(ru)市(shi)(shi)(shi)后，山(shan)東(dong)依(yi)然可(ke)以(yi)采用“全(quan)(quan)容量(liang)補(bu)償(chang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)+成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)”的(de)(de)模式。

相關(guan)展望

《通知》對發電側容量電價機制的相關表述，表明未來要在電力現貨市場運轉良(liang)好的(de)基礎上(shang)，推(tui)動市場化的(de)容量(liang)成本(ben)回收機制。同時(shi)，《通知》對電源側的(de)全面入市、構建更為均衡的(de)市場體(ti)系也有明顯的(de)促(cu)進作(zuo)用(yong)。

一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)《通知(zhi)》吹響了(le)(le)新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)等各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)入市號角。當前(qian)僅出臺(tai)了(le)(le)針(zhen)對煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)是(shi)(shi)因(yin)為近年來隨(sui)著(zhu)新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統加快建設，各(ge)類(lei)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中只有(you)燃煤(mei)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)利用小時數在不斷下降，燃煤(mei)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)部分投資成本(ben)(ben)無法(fa)通過單(dan)一(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)回收(shou)；相(xiang)對其他類(lei)型調節支撐(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，燃煤(mei)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)頂峰能力(li)更可靠，燃料(liao)來源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)更有(you)保證且成本(ben)(ben)更低(di)，在相(xiang)當長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)時期(qi)內，我國能夠發(fa)揮長(chang)時間經(jing)濟(ji)保供作(zuo)用的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)類(lei)型只有(you)燃煤(mei)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，當前(qian)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)改革已經(jing)完(wan)成，實(shi)現了(le)(le)完(wan)全的(de)(de)(de)市場(chang)(chang)化(hua)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)與容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)也已理(li)順。當前(qian)只給(gei)全面(mian)市場(chang)(chang)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)另一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)涵義是(shi)(shi)，沒有(you)實(shi)現市場(chang)(chang)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)未來也無法(fa)拿(na)到容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)。同時，《通知(zhi)》中關(guan)于煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)設計，本(ben)(ben)身是(shi)(shi)為市場(chang)(chang)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)回收(shou)機制(zhi)做鋪墊，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)現貨市場(chang)(chang)運行的(de)(de)(de)基礎上，推動建立市場(chang)(chang)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)成本(ben)(ben)回收(shou)機制(zhi)。

二是市場設計更加均衡合理。煤電容量電價的出臺，進一步完善了市場體系，電能的各種屬性更加全面，不同板塊間的收益更加均衡。當前我國已經構建了包含現貨電能量市場、輔助服務市場、容量電價機制等的多層次市場體系。電力市場化的目的不是給予電源暴利，而是在保障電源合理收益的基礎上充分實現電力資源的優化配置。未來現貨市場和容量機制應該同步設計，實現機制間的均衡和銜接，若采用全容量補償機制，就應設計成本型現貨市場；若給予部分容量補償，就應設計策略報價型現貨市場，允許電力現貨市場上限(xian)價設(she)置較(jiao)高，不要求發電(dian)主體根(gen)據(ju)變動(dong)成(cheng)本進行報(bao)價，對電(dian)力(li)現貨市場(chang)價格波(bo)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)忍度(du)較(jiao)高，發電(dian)主體可通過電(dian)能量(liang)(liang)交易回收(shou)固定成(cheng)本和變動(dong)成(cheng)本，并獲得(de)合理收(shou)益。對于(yu)邊際機組在電(dian)力(li)現貨市場(chang)不能回收(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)固定成(cheng)本，建(jian)立(li)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)市場(chang)，以有(you)效(xiao)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)為標的(de)(de)(de)(de)，由能夠提供有(you)效(xiao)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發電(dian)主體和可中(zhong)斷負荷報(bao)價形(xing)成(cheng)有(you)效(xiao)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出清(qing)價格，容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)費用由全體用戶承擔。同時，未(wei)來(lai)應推動(dong)完(wan)善基于(yu)峰荷貢獻的(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)類型電(dian)源有(you)效(xiao)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)核定辦法(fa)，實現新能源等電(dian)源有(you)效(xiao)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)科學核定。

三是容(rong)量機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)設計(ji)更符合市場建設要求。“全容(rong)量補償機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)+成本(ben)(ben)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市場”起步較(jiao)為(wei)容(rong)易，但由于按變(bian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)成本(ben)(ben)限制(zhi)(zhi)發電(dian)(dian)主(zhu)體報價(jia)(jia)(jia)，現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)峰谷價(jia)(jia)(jia)差(cha)較(jiao)小，無(wu)法充分引導發用(yong)主(zhu)體削峰填谷、頂峰壓谷；策(ce)略(lve)報價(jia)(jia)(jia)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市場，允許出(chu)現(xian)更高的(de)峰谷現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)價(jia)(jia)(jia)差(cha)，用(yong)戶有較(jiao)強的(de)參與系(xi)統(tong)調節的(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)，但是價(jia)(jia)(jia)格高波動(dong)(dong)(dong)也(ye)要求各方(fang)具有更高的(de)心理承受能(neng)力(li)。未來應以更能(neng)促進新型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)建設為(wei)出(chu)發點，推動(dong)(dong)(dong)實現(xian)更加(jia)合理完善(shan)的(de)市場化容(rong)量補償機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。

我國燃煤標桿電價制(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)建(jian)(jian)立為(wei)此后(hou)的(de)市場化同臺(tai)競價(jia)(jia)奠(dian)定了(le)堅實基礎，與(yu)此類(lei)似，《通知》的(de)燃(ran)煤容(rong)量(liang)電價(jia)(jia)機制(zhi)(zhi)雖(sui)未細分燃(ran)煤發(fa)電類(lei)型等(deng)個體差(cha)異，建(jian)(jian)立的(de)是(shi)全(quan)國統一的(de)容(rong)量(liang)“標桿價(jia)(jia)”，也為(wei)容(rong)量(liang)競爭(zheng)機制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)建(jian)(jian)立打下(xia)了(le)堅實的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)度基礎，同時與(yu)現行現貨發(fa)電側容(rong)量(liang)補(bu)償機制(zhi)(zhi)做好了(le)銜接，既為(wei)市場解決了(le)當(dang)下(xia)難(nan)題，也為(wei)其(qi)長遠建(jian)(jian)設(she)指明了(le)方向。