為貫徹落實黨中央、國務院關于加快構建新型電力系統的決策部署，更好保障電力安全穩定供應，推動新能源加快發展和能源綠色低碳轉型，近日國家發展改革委、國家能源局聯合印發《關于建立煤電容量電價機制的通知》（發改價格〔2023〕1501號）（以下簡稱《通知》），決定自2024年1月1日起建立煤電容量電價機制，對煤電實行兩部制電價政策。煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)容量電(dian)(dian)價機制的(de)建(jian)立(li)，有利(li)于推動煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)向基(ji)礎保(bao)障性和系統調(diao)節性電(dian)(dian)源并重(zhong)為主轉型(xing)，標志著新型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力系統中體(ti)現電(dian)(dian)力多元價值的(de)價格體(ti)系正(zheng)在逐漸建(jian)立(li)。

來源：電聯新(xin)媒(mei) 作者：曾鳴 王永(yong)利

為什么建立煤電容量電價機制

（一）發揮煤電基礎性支(zhi)撐調節(jie)作(zuo)用，推動(dong)能源綠色低碳轉型。

一直以來，煤電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)是我(wo)國大部(bu)分地區的基礎保(bao)(bao)(bao)障性(xing)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，提供(gong)了60%以上的電(dian)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)供(gong)應。在“雙碳”目標背景下，隨著我(wo)國能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)綠色低(di)碳轉型(xing)的逐步(bu)深化，新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)裝機(ji)和發電(dian)量(liang)占比穩步(bu)提升，煤電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)利用(yong)小(xiao)時數下降(jiang)趨(qu)勢明顯(xian)，煤電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)正逐步(bu)向(xiang)基礎保(bao)(bao)(bao)障性(xing)和系統調節(jie)性(xing)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)并重為主(zhu)轉型(xing)，集中反映在年發電(dian)利用(yong)小(xiao)時數的下降(jiang)和機(ji)組(zu)運(yun)行方式的改變。容量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)機(ji)制體現煤電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)提供(gong)系統可(ke)用(yong)容量(liang)價(jia)值，在價(jia)格形成機(ji)制上反映煤電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)功能(neng)(neng)轉型(xing)，提高電(dian)力(li)系統調節(jie)能(neng)(neng)力(li)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)障電(dian)力(li)系統長期容量(liang)充(chong)裕(yu)性(xing)，促進(jin)清潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消納，推動能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)綠色低(di)碳轉型(xing)。

（二）滿足新型電力系(xi)統建設快速推進的需要，持續完善市(shi)場價格體(ti)系(xi)。

由(you)于電(dian)力(li)產品的特殊性(xing)，如實時(shi)平衡需求、缺(que)乏大(da)規模經濟儲存和缺(que)乏需求彈性(xing)等，電(dian)力(li)市場無(wu)法自發形(xing)(xing)成有序運(yun)轉(zhuan)和公(gong)平合理(li)的價(jia)格體系。因此(ci)，政(zheng)府(fu)需要(yao)采取(qu)必要(yao)措施來確保(bao)電(dian)力(li)市場競爭充(chong)分，價(jia)格形(xing)(xing)成合理(li)，電(dian)力(li)供應可(ke)靠。

在我(wo)國，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場建設正在穩步推進(jin)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)現貨市(shi)場采(cai)用(yong)系統、區域或節點短期邊際成(cheng)本定(ding)價機(ji)制(zhi)，這(zhe)種機(ji)制(zhi)能夠(gou)有(you)(you)效激勵發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企業(ye)，根據其發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)動成(cheng)本報價實現經(jing)濟調度(du)，促(cu)進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)低碳(tan)和經(jing)濟運(yun)行。然而，這(zhe)種機(ji)制(zhi)并不(bu)能完全解決煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組固定(ding)成(cheng)本回收(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)。因此(ci)，建立(li)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)制(zhi)，通過容量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價回收(shou)部分或全部固定(ding)成(cheng)本，具(ju)有(you)(you)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現實意義。這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)舉(ju)措(cuo)可以(yi)充分發(fa)(fa)揮政府定(ding)價的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)，填(tian)補我(wo)國電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場體系中(zhong)容量(liang)(liang)機(ji)制(zhi)設計的(de)(de)(de)(de)空白，建立(li)覆蓋我(wo)國主要(yao)有(you)(you)效容量(liang)(liang)來(lai)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)(liang)機(ji)制(zhi)，滿足我(wo)國健全多層次電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場體系的(de)(de)(de)(de)需求。

（三(san)）地方容量(liang)機(ji)制的優化與拓(tuo)展，各國低(di)碳(tan)轉型“殊途(tu)同(tong)歸(gui)”的選擇。

之前，山東、云南等省份已開展煤電容量電價的探索。2020年，山東發布《山東省電力現貨市場交易規則（試行）》，提出以容量補償方式回收發電機組固定成本，補償標準0.0991元/千瓦時，補償費用的來源為用戶側支付的容量補償電價。2022年12月，云南省發改委發布《云南省燃煤發電市場化改革實施方案（試行）》，規定煤電企業最大發電能力和最小發電能力之間的可調節空間參與調節容量市場交易，并按照各類電源、用戶對調節能力和系統容量的不同需求，差異化分攤調節容量成本。隨著全球能源低碳轉型腳步的加快，歐美等成熟電力市場認識到，容量機制有利于加強電力系統可靠性。2023年10月，美國PJM提交了容量市場改革提案，保證容量充裕性，以面對越來越嚴重的極端天氣與發電結構的不斷變化，同時歐盟認為容量機制在能源轉型過程中發揮了重要作用，同意延長容量機制至2028年12月。因此，容量電價機制的出臺(tai)既是(shi)我國(guo)地方容量機制的優化與拓展，也是(shi)各國(guo)低碳轉型“殊途同歸”的選(xuan)擇。

煤電(dian)容量電(dian)價機制的主要內容

（一）明確容量電價補償范圍(wei)，執行統一機組固定(ding)成(cheng)本。

《通知》明確容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)實施(shi)范(fan)圍為合規(gui)在運的(de)(de)公用煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)，燃(ran)煤(mei)自備(bei)電(dian)(dian)廠、不(bu)符合國(guo)家(jia)規(gui)劃的(de)(de)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)，以及不(bu)滿足(zu)國(guo)家(jia)對于能耗、環保和(he)靈活調(diao)節能力(li)等要求的(de)(de)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)，不(bu)執行(xing)容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)(ji)制。上述(shu)適用范(fan)圍完全契(qi)合容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)的(de)(de)本質，即容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)是針對在電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統中能夠提供(gong)有(you)效容(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)源，得(de)到容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)就意味著需要按要求履行(xing)容(rong)量(liang)義務。

同時《通知》明(ming)確用于(yu)計算(suan)容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)的(de)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)固(gu)(gu)定成本主(zhu)要包括折舊費、財務費、人工費、修理費等(deng)，實行(xing)全國統(tong)一標(biao)準，為每年每千瓦330元(yuan)。這樣安排，一方面煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)固(gu)(gu)定成本地區差異總體較小，不同類型機組(zu)之間差異也有限(xian)，具(ju)備全國實行(xing)統(tong)一標(biao)準的(de)基礎，較好地統(tong)籌了(le)可操(cao)作性和實際(ji)情況；另一方面也充分(fen)體現(xian)了(le)價(jia)格上限(xian)管(guan)制(zhi)的(de)思想，特別是(shi)百萬千瓦級先進(jin)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)固(gu)(gu)定成本略低于(yu)全國統(tong)一標(biao)準，單位煤(mei)耗(hao)大幅(fu)降低，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)效益相對(dui)更(geng)高(gao)，可激勵(li)市場主(zhu)體自主(zhu)優化擴建(jian)技術方案(an)，降低建(jian)設運營成本，樹立了(le)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)發展新標(biao)桿。

（二）回收(shou)比例兼顧(gu)時(shi)空差異，因地制宜確定容量補償。

《通知(zhi)》分(fen)別規定(ding)(ding)了不同比(bi)例(li)(li)的(de)(de)容量電(dian)(dian)價。2024—2025年(nian)對(dui)云南(nan)、四川、河南(nan)、重慶(qing)、青海、廣(guang)西、湖南(nan)等7個轉型(xing)速度較快的(de)(de)地(di)(di)區，按照50%容量電(dian)(dian)價（165元(yuan)(yuan)/千瓦(wa)）執行，2026年(nian)起容量電(dian)(dian)價回(hui)收固(gu)定(ding)(ding)成本的(de)(de)比(bi)例(li)(li)不低于(yu)70%；對(dui)于(yu)其他地(di)(di)區，則按照30%容量電(dian)(dian)價水平（100元(yuan)(yuan)/千瓦(wa)）執行，2026年(nian)通過容量電(dian)(dian)價回(hui)收固(gu)定(ding)(ding)成本的(de)(de)比(bi)例(li)(li)不低于(yu)50%。《通知(zhi)》以多(duo)數地(di)(di)區30%回(hui)收比(bi)例(li)(li)起步、先行建立(li)容量電(dian)(dian)價機制，有(you)利于(yu)充分(fen)釋放政策(ce)信號(hao)，給(gei)相關煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)主體吃下“定(ding)(ding)心丸”，穩定(ding)(ding)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)行業發展預期，實施過程(cheng)中逐(zhu)步向(xiang)50%比(bi)例(li)(li)過渡銜接，以時間換取(qu)空間、確保政策(ce)實施效(xiao)果。

通過(guo)充(chong)分考慮新型能源體(ti)系中(zhong)各地(di)(di)煤電機組轉型進度的客觀情況，同時(shi)又兼(jian)顧(gu)各地(di)(di)差異化實際(ji)情況，因地(di)(di)制宜提出現階段各地(di)(di)不同的容量電價，建立全國(guo)統一(yi)的容量電價標(biao)準，有利于(yu)初期政策落地(di)(di)和執行到位(wei)。

（三）按照“誰受(shou)益、誰承擔”原則，明(ming)確(que)分攤、扣減和退(tui)出(chu)機制。

《通知》指(zhi)出，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)(zu)可獲(huo)得的(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費，根據(ju)當(dang)地煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價和機組(zu)(zu)申報的(de)最大出力確定，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)(zu)分(fen)月(yue)申報，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網企業(ye)按月(yue)結算。新(xin)建煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)(zu)自投運次月(yue)起執行煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價機制。各地煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費納入系(xi)(xi)統運行費用，每月(yue)由(you)工商業(ye)用戶按當(dang)月(yue)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)比例分(fen)攤，由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網企業(ye)按月(yue)發布(bu)、滾(gun)動(dong)清算。全體工商業(ye)用戶作為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力的(de)最終消費者承擔容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費，體現了煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價是為(wei)整(zheng)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統提供長期、穩定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應，以(yi)及激勵和引導有效容(rong)量(liang)(liang)投資而建立的(de)，為(wei)將來更好統一(yi)、合理疏導各類型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價奠定了非常好的(de)基礎。

《通知》指出對納入受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)份電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)平衡(heng)的(de)跨(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)區(qu)外(wai)送(song)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組，其容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費按受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)標準確定(ding)，并由(you)受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)用戶承(cheng)擔，若涉及多個送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方向，那么(me)可(ke)按照(zhao)分(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比(bi)(bi)例或送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)比(bi)(bi)例分(fen)攤；除配套煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組之外(wai)但(dan)同(tong)樣納入受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)平衡(heng)的(de)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組，它不(bu)(bu)是專門為一個或多個受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)提供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)供應的(de)，而是部分(fen)外(wai)送(song)、部分(fen)支撐本地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供應，需(xu)要(yao)由(you)送(song)受(shou)雙方按照(zhao)一定(ding)比(bi)(bi)例對容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)進(jin)行分(fen)配。因此對跨(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)區(qu)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組實(shi)施容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)，相當于(yu)“鎖(suo)定(ding)”了煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組的(de)這部分(fen)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)，未來在簽訂跨(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)區(qu)中(zhong)長期合約時(shi)，不(bu)(bu)僅需(xu)要(yao)明確電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)，受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)也(ye)應當按照(zhao)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)分(fen)攤情況，約定(ding)高峰時(shi)段電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)保障要(yao)求，進(jin)一步理(li)順跨(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)區(qu)送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機制、規(gui)范跨(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)區(qu)送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)長期合約。

《通知》明(ming)確，煤電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)如(ru)無法(fa)按照(zhao)調度(du)指令提供所申(shen)報的(de)最大(da)出(chu)力情況，其容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)將根據不(bu)同情況扣減(jian)。對(dui)自然年內月容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)全部扣減(jian)累計(ji)發生三次(ci)的(de)煤電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)，取(qu)消其獲取(qu)容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)的(de)資格。考核機(ji)制的(de)建立，有(you)效遏制了(le)煤電(dian)(dian)企業獲得容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)后可(ke)能出(chu)現(xian)的(de)“躺(tang)平”現(xian)象(xiang)，將有(you)利(li)于激勵機(ji)組(zu)(zu)提升(sheng)設備可(ke)靠性，確保(bao)煤電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)按要(yao)求履行容(rong)量(liang)義務，從而保(bao)障(zhang)電(dian)(dian)力供應。

煤電(dian)容(rong)量電(dian)價機制的前(qian)進方(fang)向

（一）建立涵蓋各類型電源的容量市場(chang)機制

從國際經(jing)驗來看，容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)成本(ben)回(hui)收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)主要有幾種形(xing)式(shi)：容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)、稀(xi)缺電(dian)(dian)價(jia)、容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)補償機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)、戰略備用。其中，容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)是最具有市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化特征的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)，但市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)設(she)計較為(wei)復雜，特別是對于容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)需求(qiu)確定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)預測準(zhun)確性要求(qiu)比(bi)較高；容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)補償機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)建設(she)難(nan)度和風險(xian)較低(di)，容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)易實(shi)施；稀(xi)缺電(dian)(dian)價(jia)由于需要對批(pi)發(fa)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)有較高的(de)(de)(de)承受能力(li)，且(qie)價(jia)格波(bo)動風險(xian)較大，不適用于我(wo)(wo)國；戰略備用機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)未來可根據應急備用容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)單(dan)獨設(she)計。綜上，現(xian)階段我(wo)(wo)國在(zai)《通知》中提出采用較為(wei)穩妥的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)方式(shi)確定(ding)(ding)(ding)煤電(dian)(dian)回(hui)收(shou)的(de)(de)(de)固定(ding)(ding)(ding)成本(ben)，我(wo)(wo)國電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)體(ti)系實(shi)現(xian)了(le)閉環，市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)體(ti)系愈發(fa)完整(zheng)，未來通過建立(li)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，涵蓋各類型(xing)電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)、以(yi)科學的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)確定(ding)(ding)(ding)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)需求(qiu)、以(yi)更加市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)確定(ding)(ding)(ding)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)將(jiang)是必然趨勢。

（二）建(jian)立考(kao)慮(lv)煤電利用(yong)小(xiao)時的(de)精細(xi)化補償比(bi)例

合理確定容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)回(hui)收(shou)固定成(cheng)本(ben)比(bi)例是容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)方案設計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵一(yi)環。定的(de)(de)(de)低(di)了(le)，可能(neng)對(dui)煤電(dian)(dian)機組補(bu)償力度不(bu)夠，難以(yi)有效激勵煤電(dian)(dian)機組投資(zi)擴建；定的(de)(de)(de)高了(le)，煤電(dian)(dian)機組在(zai)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)量(liang)市場中的(de)(de)(de)報價(jia)(jia)(jia)會(hui)顯著下降，拉低(di)核(he)電(dian)(dian)、水電(dian)(dian)等未出(chu)臺(tai)容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)機制電(dian)(dian)源品類的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格，影響(xiang)其平(ping)穩健康運行。同時，各地煤電(dian)(dian)機組年發電(dian)(dian)利用小(xiao)時數(shu)存在(zai)較大差(cha)異，煤電(dian)(dian)機組功(gong)能(neng)轉型進程不(bu)一(yi)，不(bu)宜(yi)“一(yi)刀切”確定容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)水平(ping)。因此，未來在(zai)進一(yi)步(bu)確定煤電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)回(hui)收(shou)固定成(cheng)本(ben)比(bi)例時，需(xu)要考慮煤電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)細分(fen)特(te)(te)性、煤電(dian)(dian)利用小(xiao)時等個體(ti)差(cha)異以(yi)及單個機組的(de)(de)(de)技術運行特(te)(te)點，建立更加符合各地煤電(dian)(dian)實(shi)際情況的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)類分(fen)檔精細化補(bu)償比(bi)例，進一(yi)步(bu)加快(kuai)煤電(dian)(dian)實(shi)現功(gong)能(neng)轉型。

（三）建(jian)立應急備用煤(mei)電(dian)機(ji)組容量電(dian)價機(ji)制(zhi)

各地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)對支撐(cheng)(cheng)調節能(neng)力需求不同，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)型進(jin)度差異也較大(da)。有的地(di)方(fang)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)、新能(neng)源(yuan)等可再(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)比(bi)重較大(da)，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)主要(yao)發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)支撐(cheng)(cheng)調節作用(yong)；有的地(di)方(fang)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)則仍是主力電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，在(zai)(zai)提供電(dian)(dian)(dian)力和電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)方(fang)面(mian)都是“頂梁柱”。為(wei)(wei)應對未來新能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)比(bi)例(li)接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)后可能(neng)頻(pin)繁出(chu)現的“晚峰無光”“極(ji)熱無風”等問(wen)題(ti)，國家應積極(ji)推(tui)進(jin)應急(ji)備(bei)(bei)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)能(neng)力建設，引導退役(yi)或(huo)臨近退役(yi)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)“退而不拆”轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)為(wei)(wei)應急(ji)備(bei)(bei)用(yong)，在(zai)(zai)運行方(fang)式和成(cheng)本構成(cheng)上有別于常規(gui)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)，需配套(tao)建立應急(ji)備(bei)(bei)用(yong)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，進(jin)一步明確應急(ji)備(bei)(bei)用(yong)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)通(tong)過(guo)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價回(hui)收(shou)的固(gu)定成(cheng)本比(bi)例(li)，保障煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)穩妥有序退出(chu)。煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)與應急(ji)備(bei)(bei)用(yong)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)應協同配合(he)，從(cong)根本上解決煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)行業(ye)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)型問(wen)題(ti)。

（四）統籌各環(huan)節(jie)調節(jie)性(xing)資源，明確煤電機組有效補償方案

在(zai)全國統一大市(shi)場發(fa)展背景下，以市(shi)場化(hua)手段激勵我國能(neng)源(yuan)系統各(ge)(ge)環節資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)進行互動成為了現實，煤(mei)電不再是唯一的安全性保(bao)障(zhang)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)。因(yin)此，在(zai)開展煤(mei)電容量補(bu)償的同(tong)時(shi)，還需(xu)要統籌(chou)考(kao)慮各(ge)(ge)環節調節性資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)，分析各(ge)(ge)類資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)的有(you)效性與可靠性，以調節需(xu)求為核心明(ming)確煤(mei)電機(ji)(ji)組(zu)安全保(bao)障(zhang)剛性需(xu)求量，針對(dui)高能(neng)效、靈活性機(ji)(ji)組(zu)設(she)定有(you)針對(dui)性的補(bu)償方案，避免全國“一刀切”。

本(ben)文系(xi)《中(zhong)國電力(li)企業管理》獨家(jia)稿件，作者供職(zhi)于華(hua)北電力(li)大學能源(yuan)互聯網研究中(zhong)心。