11月10日，國家發展改革委、國家能源局聯合印發《關于建(jian)立煤電容量電價機制的通知》（發改價格〔2023〕1501號）（以下簡稱《通知》），并明確了各省級電網煤電容量電價標準，燃煤發電功能轉型速度加快。煤電容量電價按照回收煤電機組一定比例固定成本的方式確定，以補償電能量市場無法回收的固定成本，并將煤電容量電費納入系統運行費用，每月由工商業用戶按當月用電量比例分攤。同時，《通知》也為市場化的容量機制探索開了口子，電力現貨市場連續運(yun)行(xing)(xing)的地(di)方，可參考(kao)《通(tong)知》明確的煤電容(rong)量(liang)電價機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，研究建立(li)(li)適應(ying)當地(di)電力市場(chang)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)情況的發電側(ce)容(rong)量(liang)電價機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)；發電側(ce)容(rong)量(liang)電價機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)建立(li)(li)后，省內煤電機(ji)組不再執行(xing)(xing)《通(tong)知》規定的容(rong)量(liang)電價機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。國(guo)內來(lai)看，山(shan)東已經建立(li)(li)了體系完整的發電側(ce)容(rong)量(liang)補償機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，《通(tong)知》這一段(duan)表述實際上就是對于山(shan)東電力現貨市場(chang)容(rong)量(liang)補償機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)的肯定與(yu)鼓勵。

來源：電聯新(xin)媒 作者：北江

山(shan)東(dong)容量機制設(she)計原理(li)

山東采取“全容量補償機制+成本型電力現貨市場”模式。這種模式的核心思想就是對有效容量進行全固定成本補償，選擇典型邊際機組的單位投資作為全部機組有效容量的容量補償價格，容量費用由全體工商(shang)業支付，同時嚴格(ge)限制發電主體在電力現貨(huo)市場中的報價水平，要(yao)求(qiu)其不(bu)得偏離變動(dong)成本(ben)。

全(quan)容量(liang)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)指(zhi)(zhi)的(de)是(shi)邊際(ji)(ji)(ji)機(ji)(ji)組全(quan)容量(liang)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)，并不是(shi)對每臺(tai)機(ji)(ji)組的(de)固定成(cheng)本(ben)都進(jin)行全(quan)部(bu)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)。在(zai)(zai)正(zheng)常競爭供(gong)(gong)需(xu)平(ping)衡的(de)電力市場(chang)中，變動成(cheng)本(ben)較高的(de)邊際(ji)(ji)(ji)機(ji)(ji)組只(zhi)有(you)在(zai)(zai)供(gong)(gong)給(gei)緊張的(de)時(shi)候才能發電。和非邊際(ji)(ji)(ji)機(ji)(ji)組不同，邊際(ji)(ji)(ji)機(ji)(ji)組在(zai)(zai)電力現貨市場(chang)中只(zhi)能回收(shou)變動成(cheng)本(ben)，因此(ci)需(xu)要(yao)在(zai)(zai)場(chang)外(wai)給(gei)予(yu)全(quan)容量(liang)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)。同時(shi)，依據技(ji)術中立的(de)思想，若給(gei)予(yu)邊際(ji)(ji)(ji)機(ji)(ji)組容量(liang)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)，非邊際(ji)(ji)(ji)機(ji)(ji)組也應參考相同補(bu)(bu)償(chang)標準(zhun)進(jin)行補(bu)(bu)償(chang)。成(cheng)本(ben)型(xing)電力現貨市場(chang)指(zhi)(zhi)的(de)是(shi)邊際(ji)(ji)(ji)機(ji)(ji)組已經獲取全(quan)容量(liang)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)，就不能允(yun)許其(qi)在(zai)(zai)現貨市場(chang)中獲取超額(e)收(shou)益，所以電力現貨市場(chang)報價要(yao)以變動成(cheng)本(ben)為(wei)錨，適當允(yun)許上浮一定比例設定報價。

《通知》在肯定山東現有容量機制的同時，在“省級電網煤電容量電價表”中依然規定了山東的煤電容量電價水平，來和山東現行機制有效銜接。山東為保障改革初期用電價格水平的總體穩定，將原電量電價拆分為“容量電價+電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)”兩部(bu)分，兩部(bu)分價(jia)格之(zhi)和(he)為(wei)1.2倍燃(ran)煤基準價(jia)。按照《通(tong)知》中將(jiang)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費納入(ru)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)運行費、由工商業(ye)用(yong)(yong)戶分攤的(de)(de)思想(xiang)，山東可(ke)按“省級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)表”中的(de)(de)山東煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)水(shui)(shui)平將(jiang)對(dui)應煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費納入(ru)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)運行費向工商業(ye)用(yong)(yong)戶分攤，同時相應調減現有(you)的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)水(shui)(shui)平；或者保持(chi)現有(you)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)水(shui)(shui)平不變，將(jiang)“省級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)表”中的(de)(de)山東煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)作為(wei)新增系(xi)統(tong)(tong)運行費用(yong)(yong)單獨向工商業(ye)用(yong)(yong)戶疏導。通(tong)過上述(shu)兩種方式(shi)均(jun)可(ke)實現現有(you)機(ji)制與《通(tong)知》要求的(de)(de)銜接。

當前山(shan)東(dong)的(de)邊際(ji)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)是(shi)30萬燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)煤(mei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)，固(gu)(gu)定成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本是(shi)山(shan)東(dong)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)煤(mei)發電(dian)(dian)中最高的(de)，當全(quan)額補(bu)償了30萬千瓦等(deng)(deng)(deng)級燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)煤(mei)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)固(gu)(gu)定成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本后(hou)(hou)，30萬千瓦以上等(deng)(deng)(deng)級機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)，由于造價相對較低(di)(di)，會產生(sheng)固(gu)(gu)定成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本收益。近(jin)期，山(shan)東(dong)正(zheng)在投(tou)產建(jian)設燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)，燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)造價低(di)(di)于燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)煤(mei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)，但變(bian)(bian)動成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本顯(xian)著高于燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)煤(mei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)。當燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)進(jin)入市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)后(hou)(hou)，燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)就代替30萬千瓦等(deng)(deng)(deng)級燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)煤(mei)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為邊際(ji)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)，按照燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)固(gu)(gu)定成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本核定容量電(dian)(dian)價后(hou)(hou)，會導致(zhi)全(quan)網容量補(bu)償費(fei)用的(de)顯(xian)著下降(jiang)。是(shi)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)按山(shan)東(dong)現(xian)行容量機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)入市(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)會帶來煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)企業(ye)的(de)經營(ying)困(kun)難呢？是(shi)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)說成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本型電(dian)(dian)力(li)現(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)理論是(shi)錯誤的(de)呢？實際(ji)上，理論依然(ran)是(shi)正(zheng)確(que)的(de)，實踐中煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)依然(ran)可(ke)以生(sheng)存。作為邊際(ji)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)，特別是(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)價高企時燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)會顯(xian)著推高峰段的(de)現(xian)貨電(dian)(dian)能量價格，燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)煤(mei)等(deng)(deng)(deng)非邊際(ji)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)雖然(ran)容量補(bu)償費(fei)用下降(jiang)，但是(shi)可(ke)以獲(huo)取超過其發電(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)動成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本的(de)電(dian)(dian)能量收益。因此在燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)入市(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)，山(shan)東(dong)依然(ran)可(ke)以采用“全(quan)容量補(bu)償機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)+成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本型電(dian)(dian)力(li)現(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)”的(de)模式(shi)。

相關(guan)展(zhan)望

《通知》對發電側容量電價機制的相關表述，表明未來要在電力現貨市場運(yun)轉良好的(de)(de)基礎上，推動市(shi)場化的(de)(de)容量成(cheng)本回(hui)收機制。同時，《通知(zhi)》對電(dian)源側的(de)(de)全面入市(shi)、構建(jian)更(geng)為均衡(heng)的(de)(de)市(shi)場體(ti)系也有明顯(xian)的(de)(de)促進(jin)作用。

一是(shi)《通知》吹響了新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)等各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)入市(shi)號角。當(dang)前僅出臺了針對煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)，一方面是(shi)因為近年來隨著新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統加快建設(she)，各(ge)類型電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)中只有燃(ran)煤(mei)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利用(yong)小時數在(zai)不斷(duan)下降，燃(ran)煤(mei)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)投(tou)資成(cheng)本無法通過單一電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)回收(shou)；相對其他類型調節支撐電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，燃(ran)煤(mei)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)頂峰能(neng)(neng)力(li)更(geng)可靠，燃(ran)料(liao)來源(yuan)更(geng)有保證且成(cheng)本更(geng)低(di)，在(zai)相當(dang)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時期(qi)內，我國能(neng)(neng)夠發揮(hui)長時間經(jing)濟保供(gong)作用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類型只有燃(ran)煤(mei)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)。另一方面，當(dang)前煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)改革已(yi)(yi)經(jing)完成(cheng)，實(shi)現了完全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化，電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)與容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系也已(yi)(yi)理順。當(dang)前只給全面市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)另一層涵義是(shi)，沒有實(shi)現市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)未來也無法拿到容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)。同時，《通知》中關于煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)機(ji)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計，本身是(shi)為市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)回收(shou)機(ji)制做鋪墊，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)現貨(huo)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)運行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)，推動建立市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)成(cheng)本回收(shou)機(ji)制。

二是市場設計更加均衡合理。煤電容量電價的出臺，進一步完善了市場體系，電能的各種屬性更加全面，不同板塊間的收益更加均衡。當前我國已經構建了包含現貨電能量市場、輔助服務市場、容量電價機制等的多層次市場體系。電力市場化的目的不是給予電源暴利，而是在保障電源合理收益的基礎上充分實現電力資源的優化配置。未來現貨市場和容量機制應該同步設計，實現機制間的均衡和銜接，若采用全容量補償機制，就應設計成本型現貨市場；若給予部分容量補償，就應設計策略報價型現貨市場，允許電力現貨市場上限價設(she)置(zhi)較(jiao)高，不要(yao)求(qiu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)根據變動(dong)成本(ben)(ben)進行(xing)報(bao)價，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)力現(xian)(xian)貨市場(chang)價格波動(dong)的容忍(ren)度較(jiao)高，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)可通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)能量(liang)交易回(hui)收(shou)固(gu)定成本(ben)(ben)和(he)變動(dong)成本(ben)(ben)，并獲得合理(li)收(shou)益。對于邊際機組(zu)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力現(xian)(xian)貨市場(chang)不能回(hui)收(shou)的固(gu)定成本(ben)(ben)，建立(li)容量(liang)市場(chang)，以有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)容量(liang)為標(biao)的，由能夠(gou)提供有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)容量(liang)的發電(dian)(dian)(dian)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)和(he)可中斷負(fu)荷報(bao)價形(xing)成有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)容量(liang)的出清價格，容量(liang)費(fei)用由全體(ti)用戶承擔(dan)。同時，未來應推動(dong)完善基于峰荷貢獻的各類(lei)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)容量(liang)核定辦法，實現(xian)(xian)新能源(yuan)等電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)容量(liang)的科學核定。

三是容(rong)(rong)量(liang)機制(zhi)設(she)計更(geng)(geng)(geng)符合市場建設(she)要求。“全容(rong)(rong)量(liang)補償(chang)機制(zhi)+成本(ben)型電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)現(xian)貨市場”起步較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)容(rong)(rong)易，但由于按(an)變動成本(ben)限制(zhi)發(fa)電(dian)主(zhu)體(ti)報價，現(xian)貨峰(feng)谷(gu)價差較(jiao)(jiao)小，無法充分(fen)引導發(fa)用主(zhu)體(ti)削峰(feng)填(tian)谷(gu)、頂峰(feng)壓(ya)谷(gu)；策略報價型電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)現(xian)貨市場，允許出(chu)現(xian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)高的(de)峰(feng)谷(gu)現(xian)貨價差，用戶有較(jiao)(jiao)強的(de)參與系統(tong)調節的(de)動力(li)(li)(li)，但是價格高波動也要求各方具有更(geng)(geng)(geng)高的(de)心理承(cheng)受能力(li)(li)(li)。未來應以更(geng)(geng)(geng)能促進新型電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系統(tong)建設(she)為(wei)出(chu)發(fa)點，推動實(shi)現(xian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)加合理完(wan)善(shan)的(de)市場化容(rong)(rong)量(liang)補償(chang)機制(zhi)。

我國燃煤標桿電價制(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)建立為(wei)此后的(de)(de)市場化同臺競價(jia)奠定了堅(jian)實基礎(chu)，與此類似，《通(tong)知》的(de)(de)燃(ran)煤容量電(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)(zhi)雖未細(xi)分燃(ran)煤發電(dian)類型等個體差異，建立的(de)(de)是全國統一的(de)(de)容量“標桿(gan)價(jia)”，也(ye)為(wei)容量競爭機制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)建立打下了堅(jian)實的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)度基礎(chu)，同時與現行現貨發電(dian)側容量補償機制(zhi)(zhi)做(zuo)好(hao)了銜(xian)接，既為(wei)市場解決了當下難題，也(ye)為(wei)其長遠建設指明(ming)了方向。